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HISTORY 

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HISTORY OF THE 
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AND ITS PEOPLE 

FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS 
TO THE PRESENT TIME 

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BY 
ELROY McKENDREE AVERY 



IN TWELVE VOLUMES 



THE SCOUT PRESS, Inc 

PROPRIETORS AND PUBLISHERS 

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A 

PERSONAL 

APPEAL 

THESE FIRST EIGHT PAGES 
ARE WRITTEN PERSONALLY 
TO YOU. PLEASE CARE- 
FULLY READ THEM, AND YOU 
WILL THEN UNDERSTAND THE 
CHARACTER, SCOPE, AND VALUE 
OF THIS HISTORY. BY SO DOING 
YOU WILL SAVE YOURSELF THE 
ANNOYANCE AND US THE EX- 
PENSE OF SENDING A CANVASSER 
TO SOLICIT YOUR ORDER, AND 
YOU WILL BUY THE HISTORY 
THROUGH THE BOY SCOUT, OR 
BOY IN MILITARY TRAINING, WHO 
HANDS YOU THIS PROSPECTUS, 
FOR ONE-THIRD OF WHAT IT 
WOULD HAVE COST YOU BY THE 
USUAL CANVASSING METHOD. 




Arms of the United States, correctly Emblazoned 



This illustration is from page 13 of Vol. VII of History 



THE PATRIOTIC 

HISTORY 

OF THE UNITED STATES 

AND ITS PEOPLE 



IT may be asked : Why should we have a Patriotic History of 
the United States ? It has recently become painfully manifest 
that our hundred million people are not a united, patriotic, all- 
American people. One-third of our population is foreign born, or 
born of foreign parents. Their innate and cultivated allegiance is 
naturally to their fatherland rather than to our Republic. But we 
native born American Citizens are quite as much in need of having 
our patriotic devotion re-awakened and revivified; and this History 
is peculiarly adapted to develop patriotic devotion to American 
ideals. 

Many histories of our country have been written. But early 
writers, in an effort to be popular, filled their pages with myth and 
legend related as fact. More recent writers have contented them- 
selves with an accumulation of facts and a narration of events, a 
mere dry record ; and of others, the more prominent, as Bancroft, 
Prescott, Motley, Fiske, McMaster, and Rhodes, have each con- 
fined their efforts to limited periods. McMaster's seven volumes 
include only the period from the Revolution to the Civil War. 
Bancroft does not begin at the beginning of our History, and stops 
at the close of the Revolution, — at the birth of our nation! 

The young people are supposed to learn History at school, and 
there the small, inaccurate, one-volume text-book at best is only a 
mere outline, a bare skeleton of dry facts, about as inviting to the 
youthful imagination as the directory of a distant city. Dates and 
events are learned and recited till a requisite examination can be 
passed for promotion. But History learned in this way is a drudge, 
an irksome task for most pupils, and is largely forgotten almost as 
soon as the text-book is laid aside. A thorough knowledge of our 
History can be acquired only by developing a genuine interest in it. 



THIS IS A HISTORY FOR THE HOME 

If each pupil can have in the home a complete History, set apart 
for his use, written in clear, concise, direct and beautiful English; 
that will clothe with living--flesh-and-blood interest the dry skeleton 
text-book; that will explain the causes that led to certain results; 
that will impart to the History of our great nation the real romance 
attached to its marvelous career, then the study of our History will 
become a delight to all pupils. They will leave school with an intel- 
ligent and appreciative knowledge of the History of our nation 
and of the genius of our institutions, and they will thus be pre- 
pared intelligently to discharge the duties of citizenship in a free 
country ! 

In many European countries every family is required to have a 
good History of the nation. But in the twenty million families of 
the United States it is doubtful that any History will be found in 
one family out of fifty, save the one-volume text-book. And in the 
few families that have a History of the Country its use is sadly 
neglected for reasons above stated. 

If the governments of European Nations find it necessary to com- 
pel their people to study the History of their countries, how much 
more important is it that a free and self-governing people should 
study the History of their own country. 

Lecky, the historian, says: "All civic virtues, all the heroism and 
self-sacrifice of patriotism spring ultimately from the habit men 
acquire of regarding their nation as a great organic whole, identi- 
fying themselves with its fortunes in the past as in the present, and 
looking forward anxiously to its future destinies." 

In fact, the freedom of our people and the permanence of 
our institutions are dependent on our intelligent knowledge and 
understanding of our national History, and of the genius of our 
institutions. 

A REALLY GREAT HISTORY CAN NOT BE 
WRITTEN TO ORDER 

Fortunately, Dr. Elroy McKendree Avery, an able and successful 
educator, who had made a comfortable fortune writing successful 
text-books, early sensed the great need of a Patriotic History of 
the United States and Its People. 

Rarely gifted with a literary style of writing clear, concise and 
beautiful English, Dr. Avery has produced a History that is not 
only exceptionally accurate and entirely impartial, but it is also 
written in a literary style that is as brilliant as it is simple and 
direct. The life story of the United States is lucidly and interestingly 
told, and a true portrayal of both persons and events is given — a 
portrayal unbiased and unprejudiced. 



Dr. Avery was equally fortunate in early securing the hearty 
co-operation of devoted friends, who expended more than three 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars in assisting him to collate and 
verify the facts and a wealth of illustrative material that far sur- 
passes in beauty and in authentic value anything ever before 
attempted in any History of any country. 

It is certain that more money has been expended in the produc- 
tion of this History, and in reducing it to its present beautiful and 
permanent form, than has been expended on the production of all 
other histories of the United States combined. 

Dr. Avery had devoted more than twenty-five of the ripest years 
of his life to the production of this monumental History, when his 
devoted friends and prospective publishers were compelled to dis- 
continue business; and recently one of them has passed away. 
This enabled the managers of The Scout Press, Inc., to take over 
and publish the completed History as a Patriotic History, on 
terms that make it possible to receive advance orders, during the 
period of publication, at a price only about one-third of its published 
price. The advance price has been made so low that it is hoped 
that the History will find a place in every American home. 

COULD NOT HAVE BEEN BETTER PLANNED 
FOR OUR PURPOSE 

While this History had been in course of preparation for more 
than fifteen years when the Boy Scout movement was originated, it 
could not have been better planned for the purpose and use of Boy 
Scouts, boys in military training, and for all patriotic people. 

A HISTORIAN OF THE NEW SCHOOL 

Dr. Avery represents the best of the 7^e^u school of historians who 
reason from cause to effect, and who thus make History logic, as it 
rightfully should be. 

A true historian must have power to place himself in the position 
of the characters he describes. He understands their emotions, 
traces the meaning and trend of their movements, realizes the con- 
ditions under which they lived, dissects their purposes, analyzes 
their feelings. He brings out the poetry, the romance, the adventures, 
the tragedy, the humor of History, and also faithfully portrays all 
the passions, habits and customs of the people he describes. This 
is the reason that History properly written affords keenest enjoyment, 
entertainment, and instruction ; by reading it we are taught the 
lessons of humanity and of civilization, and we are shown that in 
the long run, character counts for more than any other one attribute. 
But History must not only be interesting, it must also be trustworthy. 



MOST ACCURATE AND TRUSTWORTHY 

It can never be realized by the public at large what extensive 
research, what concentrated thought, and what unquenchable en- 
thusiasm Dr. Avery and his collaborators have lavished upon this 
History of the United States, in order to secure the greatest accuracy 
and the broadest catholicity. 

Eminent historians and History critics, having read the advance 
sheets, commend this History before all others. 



COMMENDED ABOVE ALL OTHERS 

"An examination of Dr. Avery's work confirms the opinion which I have 
expressed several times before, viz, that 'Avery's History of the United States' is 
absolutely the best popular History of this country yet written." — Prof. William 
R. Shepherd, Columbia University, New York City. 

"Aside from my delight in handling a book that is gotten out in such style, 
I was pleased at a number of places in the text to note the point of view taken 
by Dr. Avery; it represents a great amount of research and a sane and catholic 
judgment." — Prof. Max Farrand, Department of History, Yale University. 

"The way in which the book has been issued is certainly the most creditable 
in every way, and I shall value it as a real addition to my library." — WooDROW 
Wilson, Princeton University. 

"I especially appreciate your effort at the utmost attainable accuracy of state- 
ment. It is a model in that respect." — Prof. Theodore Clarke Smith, Wil- 
hamstown, Massachusetts. 

"The style is strong and moving, sust:;ining the interest from beginning to end. 
The material is well organized, well proportioned, and remarkably accurate. I 
do not find a single statement that can be called erroneous or a single misprint." 
— Prof. F. H. Hodder, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 

"I do not hesitate to pronounce the 'Avery History' the best exhaustive Ameri- 
can History for the general reader that has yet seen the light." — Prof. H. W. 
Elson, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. 

"I am much struck with the calm, dignified style, and with the care and thought 
bestowed upon the presentation of facts. The illustrations are remarkably pro- 
fuse, and most admirably done. Indeed, the entire mechanical and artistic ap- 
pearance far out-distances any other American History." — Dr. Reuben Gold 
Thwaites, Secretary State Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin. 

"I have read the volumes through. The 'Avery History' meets the wants of 
both the average reader and of the scholar more nearly than any other work. 
Dr. Avery certainly has hit the happy medium in presenting the facts fully and 
at the same time limiting the discussions to the essential points." — Prof. George 
Frederick Wright, Oberlin College, author of "The Ice Age," etc. 

"/ have never found so much gratification in a new hook. The artistic perfec- 
tion of the volume formed a steady source of esthetic enjoyment. I was even more 
impressed, however, by first, the charming literary style, second, the strong 
command of facts; and third, the clear acumen and sound sense cropping out 
both in the body of the book and in the taking side-titles."— W J McGee, 
chief of Division of Exhibits, Department of Anthropology, St. Louis Exposition, 
and chief of same department, Smithsonian Institution. 



"It deserves to be recorded as the History of our country. The material is 
selected with admirable discrimination. I know of no historical writer more 
felicitous in style. * * * I regard it as the best History of the United States." 
— Hon. E. O. Randall, Editor of Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 

"I regard it as by far the most complete and best illustrated History of the 
United States ever published, and I recommend it as such for home use and for 
public libraries." — Wilbkrforce Barnes, Lenox Librarian, New York Public 
Library. 

"I have received and read with pleasure and profit the fifth volume of your 
'History of the United States and Its People.' 

"This History of our nation, in typography, illustration, arrangement, scope 
and accuracy approaches perfection. I am personally familiar with your suc- 
cessful endeavors to secure accuracy regarding the naval operations and move- 
ments of John Paul Jones. 

"My son, aged nine, has carefully studied the illustrations of the books and 
part of the text of the five volumes issued, and declares that they are the best 
books he has ever seen. 

"Your volumes are used as standard reference books in this library." — Charles 
W. Stewart, Superintendent of Library and Naval War Records, Navy Depart- 
ment, Washington, D. C. 

"The narrative is clear, correct and most readable. Dr. Avery has met the con- 
troverted points of American history with a thoroughly sane judgment. * * * 
I have no hesitation in affirming that in points of accuracy in reproducing the 
evidence of the original authorities the Averx history has distinctly surpassed its 
predecessors." — Edward G. Bourne, Professor of History, Yale University. 

BEST ADAPTED FOR BOYS AND GIRLS 

While this great History is so highly commended by eminent his- 
torians, librarians and professors of History in our great Universi- 
ties and Colleges, it should be noted that the text is read with appre- 
ciation by a boy of nine years, who says: "It is the best book I have 
ever seen." 

The great wealth of beautifully colored maps and illustrations, and 
the pleasing, lucid, simple style, make this History most alluring to 
young people, as well as old, and best adapted for the use of boys 
from the age of ten to eighteen, during which period they are eligible 
as Boy Scouts, and the period in which their characters are formed. 

WILL DEVELOP A PATRIOTIC CITIZENRY 

It is in childhood and in youth that the mind is most receptive 
and plastic, and the memory is most retentive. Put this History 
into the hands of our youth, to read, to study and to delight in ; 
and as they grow up to manhood and maturity their minds will be 
stored with a knowledge of our History, their souls will be imbued 
with a fervid love of country, a noble, patriotic devotion, and lofty 
ideals of civic virtue. Then let no man fear for the security and 
permanence of our institutions. When our government is entrusted 
to such men, we may well feel assured that our "Government formed 
of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth." 



MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS MOST VALUABLE 
AND BEAUTIFUL 

The Patriotic History of the United States is the most richly 
endowed from a mapping and illustrative point of view, that has 
ever been published, either of our own or of any other country. 

MAPS OE COLONIES 

Infinite pains have been taken with the mapping in order to 
secure extreme accuracy. Maps have been drawn and engraved, 
then subjected to the criticism of experts as to their accuracy. Then, 
if not absolutely perfect, they were rejected or modified, redrawn 
and reengraved. Accuracy regardless of cost has been our motto 
in mapping as in text and illustrations. 

MAPS OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 

Between sixty and seventy maps — in five colors — serve to show 
the movements of the troops during the Revolutionary War. The 
sketching for many of these maps was done by a West Point In- 
structor, who worked on them more than a year, and by Mr. David 
Maydole Matteson of Cambridge. 

MAPS OF NAVAL OPERATIONS 

The John Paul Jones' maps consist of a series of five, and show 
not only the cruises but also the sea fights of this intrepid patriot- 
commander. The making and verifying of these maps involved 
long and careful research and much expense. 

Parts of the log of the " Bon Homme Richard" were plotted from 
the original records now in the Naval War records library at Wash- 
ington. Mr. Charles W. Stewart, the librarian, Mrs. Annie H. 
Eastman, assistant librarian, and two other professors at the Naval 
Academy did very considerable work in the making of these maps, 
which took two years to prepare. 

MAPS OF SIEGES 

The map of the siege of Quebec is a striking exampleof the extreme 
care and enormous labor given to the securing of accuracy. 

More than a month of preliminary work was spent in planning 
the reproduction of this map, proofs of which, when ready, were 
sent to Colonel William Wood, author of "The Fight for Canada," 
to Colonel Crawford Lindsay of the Canadian Artillery, and to 
Doctor Doughty, the Dominion Archivist. These gentlemen cor- 
rected the proofs and suggested changes. When the finished en- 
graved proofs were finally submitted to them after two and one-half 



years of work, they considered the map, as Colonel Wood expressed 
it, "quite inhumanly perfect." The cost of the engraving of this 
one map was more than ^500, though these gentlemen made no 
charge for their services. It is printed in eight colors. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

The illustrations are truly informing in every sense of the word, 
and have been selected not so much for adornment alone as for that 
and instructiveness combined. They have been faithfully repro- 
duced from originals and consist of reproductions of famous his- 
torical portraits, paintings, pictures, ships, furniture, charts, rare 
prints, title pages, plans, statues, buildings, documents, facsimiles 
of famous signatures, together with elaborate and artistic head and 
tailpieces. A Frontispiece appears in each of the volumes, richly 
reproduced in color, with plate-mark, accompanied by a facsimile 
signature of the person portrayed. 

This History of the United States is as unique in its wealth of 
illustrative material as it is in accuracy, and every map and illustra- 
tion, even when printed in many colors, occurs in its proper place in 
the text, which is true of no other book published. 

TYPOGRAPHY 

The type is made from a set of punches discovered a few years 
ago in France — punches that had not been used until recently for 
more than two hundred years. Not only is it most legible but it is 
also exceptionally beautiful. 

THE PAPER 

The paper is of a very fine quality, manufactured expressly for 
the Patriotic History of the United States after long experimenting. 
It possesses that proper soft, velvety tone, which proves restful to 
the eye and also enables the printer to get the best possible typo- 
graphical results. Twice new requirements arose, after a lot had 
been made, and in each instance the entire lot was discarded and a 
new supply manufactured. 

THE BINDING 

The volumes are of octavo size, 6| x gf, and each contains about 
450 pages. The volumes are bound in crash buckram, in keeping 
with the Boy Scout or military uniform. 

A MOST EXPENSIVE BOOK TO MANUFACTURE 

Every page of this magnificent History is passed through the press 
several times, as it requires several distinct and separate printings 
to reproduce the beautifully colored maps and illustrations that 
occur in every signature. 



If this History were published and sold through the usual chan- 
nels it could not be purchased for several times the price at which 
it is now offered. It is really De Luxe in character, but none too 
good for our boys, who are to be our future citizens, and on whom 
our liberty and our future peace and prosperity must and will depend. 

THE LOW PRICE FOR LIMITED TIME ONLY 

We have made this remarkably low price, which can be afforded 
for a limited time only, in order that every Boy Scout, every boy in 
military training, and his friends may procure sets of the History. 

' PROCEEDS TO DEVELOP THE BOY SCOUT 
ORGANIZATION AND MILITARY 
TRAINING 

A liberal commission is paid to the individual Boy Scouts and 
boys in military training for taking the orders and distributing the 
volumes. This will enable each Boy to earn and pay for a set for 
himself, to defray his expense in the organization of the Boy Scouts, 
or in military training, and to add to the dollar in the bank. 

HOW TO GET IT 

To those who place their orders now, the boy who takes the order, 
will deliver a volume regularly once in two months. The expense is 
only about four cents a day. This amount placed in the penny 
savings-bank, in the home, will pay for the volumes as published 
and delivered. 

ITS PRICELESS VALUE IN THE HOME 

' An examination of the following specimen pages, selected impar- 
tially from numerous volumes, will convince the reader that the 
Boy Scouts, and boys in military training, are supplying at almost a 
nominal price not only the most beautiful but the most valuable set 
of books ever offered to the American people; — a set of books that 
in other hands would be sold at a very high price, and would find its 
way into the homes of only the wealthiest people, — a set of books 
that will do more to Americanize the rising generation — native born 
as well as foreign — than any other factor. 

By this means the Boy Scouts, and boys in military training, will 
accomplish their greatest national benefaction, in the development 
of a citizenry intelligently informed, and inspired with heroic zeal 
and patriotic devotion to the most lofty ideals of civic duty. 

The Scout Press Inc. 



SPECIMEN PAGES 
FROM 

THE PATRIOTIC 

HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES 
AND ITS PEOPLE 

AVERY 



y 







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DC yvt y 
:1- p/liEh'S 



THE PATRIOTIC 

HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES 
AND ITS PEOPLE 

FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS TO 
THE PRESENT TIME 

ELROY M^KENDREE AVERY 

IN TWELVE VOLUMES 
VOLUME I 




NEW YORK • PHILADELPHIA 
THE SCOUT PRESS, Inc. 

PUBLISHERS 



I DEDICATE THESE VOLUMES 
TO 

The Young Men and the 
Young Women 

OF AMERICA 

MAY THEY THEREIN GATHER SHEAVES OF 
FORTITUDE AND WISDOM THAT SHALL 
HELP TO MAKE THEM WORTHY OF 

Their Fathers and Their Mothers 

MAY ALL THEIR DAYS BE DAYS OF 

PLEASANTNESS AND ALL THEIR NIGHTS 

BE PEACE BUT, IF THE SUPREME TEST 

SHALL COME, MAY IT FIND 

The United States and Its People 

IN EVERY WAY PREPARED — READY FOR 

THE FORGE AND THE HEAT IN WHICH 

SHALL THEN BE SHAPED THE NEW 

ANCHORS OF THEIR HOPE 

ELROY M. AVERY 

CLEVELAND, 1916 




R 



E 



A 



C 



E 



THIS volume is the beginning of an attempt to 
tell the story of the men and measures that 
have made the United States what it is. 
History is 

An orchard bearing several trees 
And fruits of several taste. 

In this work, I have tried to meet the wants of men 
and women of general culture rather than those of pro- 
fessional historical students. Whatever may have been 
thought a generation ago, it Is now admitted that such 
a design is entirely legitimate. For instance. Professor 
Marshall S. Brown says that "the work of familiarizing juiy, 1901 
the general reader with the history of his own country 
and of inciting him to further study of that history is as 
useful and necessary as that of investigation for the 
benefit of a limited number of specialists." This general 
reader lacks leisure and, in some cases, inclination to 
dig among the original sources of historical knowledge, 
but he knows that he has rights to be respected and 
needs to be met. 

My purpose, thus frankly avowed, explains why I 
have made no effort to provide "a mere collection of 
data for contingent reference, no more intended to be 
read than a table of logarithms," and why I have 
avoided frequent citations of authorities in the form of 
foot-notes. The general reader finds such notes dis- 
tracting and, therefore, prefers that they be omitted. 
If now and then he finds that his appetite grows by that 
on which It feeds, he will find suggestions for supple- 



X Preface 

mentary reading in the bibliographical appendix to this 
and to each of the succeeding volumes. 

Moreover, I have tried to narrow the gulf between 
special and popular thinking, to avoid either running 
into "a cold intellectualism that seems to be heading 
straight for the poverty and decay that must always 
follow the separation of the brain from the heart," or 
feeding "a popular taste that is daily accommodating 
itself to an aesthetic and intellectual pabulum that would 
have seemed to our forefathers, at best, a sad waste of 
time." 

The researches and discussions of the last quarter- 
century have thrown a new light on many parts of our 
early history. I venture to hope that some of this 
illumination may be reflected from these pages. To 
secure accuracy, I have not spared honest, earnest effort 
which in many cases sent me to the original sources. 
But I have tried not to attempt the impossible. An 
eminent historian says that no longer does any one try 
to write a complete history of America from the sources, 
and that each man now assumes that he may begin on 
the foundations laid by somebody else. 

I hereby acknowledge my deep obligation to many 
helping friends. Common fairness demands that special 
mention should be made of the assistance given by Otis 
T. Mason in the preparation of the second chapter, by 
James Mooney in the preparation of the twenty-second 
chapter, by George Frederick Wright in the revision of 
the first chapter, and by Frederick W. Hodge, Adolph 
F. A. Bandelier, Frank H. Hodder, and George P. 
Winship in the revision of various parts of the work, 
especially those relating to the Spanish explorations, and 
by my wife from beginning to end. 

Klroy M. Avery 

Cleveland, September, 1904 



m 



W^i 



^fyade not tfye fyen 



H A 



T E 



R 



THE 



FIRST 



AMERICAN 



IT is well known that, in 1492, Christopher Columbus 
sailed from Spain and discovered a new world in 
which he found a barbarian race. It is not gener- 
ally understood that, prior to this, the western hemi- 
sphere had been visited by Europeans. Yet it has been 
claimed that the first families of this continent died out 
thousands of years before the traditions of the red man 
were begun, and it is difficult to doubt that more than 
one wanderer from the Old World rested on the soil of 
the New before Columbus was born. 

America has a history that is prehistoric. Concerning The Two 
its primitive people, problem rises after problem. Of ^''o'''^™ 
these problems, two tower above the others — age and 
origin. Were the first Americans autochthons or immi- 
grants ? If immigrants, whence came they and when ? 
Where did they live and how ? Was there ever, in any 
portion of the continent, a superior and mysterious race 
that vanished before the occupancy of the land by the 
red men whom Columbus found ? 

Some of these problems are being solved ; some per- The Two 
haps never will be solved. Not long ago, men seemed ^^^^"'^^ 
not to know how to study them. They walked over 
ancient remains, and guessed and wondered as they wan- 
dered. What little was known about the shell-heap 
people, the mound-builders, the cliff-dwellers, and the 
pueblo tribes served only as a starting-point for archaeo- 
logical speculation ; scientific research was unborn. Now, 



The First Americans 



A New 
Science 



men do not stand upon tumuli and dream; they excavate 
and know. The two methods are typical of yesterday 
and today. 

For many years students have been gathering data and 
arranging facts. Much has been learned and some safe 
generalizations have been made; further facts and fuller 
information are needed for the complete solution sought. 
The proper study of this remote past lies in the realm 
of prehistoric archaeology, a recent science with impor- 
tant lessons at some of which it will be well to glance. 



Drainage 
Systems 




The region of the great lakes and 
the country thence northward to the 
Arctic Ocean is a region of small 
lakes also. Waterfalls abound, and 
many streams are mere alternations 
of rapids and pools. The tendency 
of a stream below its pool is to cut 
its channel deeper and thus to drain 
the pool, while the tendency of the 
stream above is to fill it with mud 
and sand. In the course of time, 
under the operation of these causes, 
the pool will disappear, Siniilarly, 
the tendency of waterfall and rapids 
is to deepen the channel by the 
power of erosion; and, in time, 
they will do so until the slope 
of the stream is gentle and its current slow. Hence 
the conclusions that a stream the course of which is inter- 
rupted by lakes is either a young stream or that nature 
has recently put obstructions in its path, and that a 
stream with cascades and waterfalls and rapids is laboring 
at an unfinished task. South of the Ohio River such 
lakes and cataracts are rare; in British America and the 
northern United States they are very numerous. In the 
south, the drainage system is mature; in the north, it is 
young and immature. Let us seek an explanation of 
these facts. 



The Ouiatchouan Falls 



The Neolithic Americans 



25 



of pottery in strata near the surface. Some of his conclu- 
sions are that the shell-heaps are by no means contem- 
porary, that some were abandoned long before others 
were begun, and that the beginning of the oldest far 
antedates the coming of the white man. The evidence 
seems to show that in the shell-heap period, the abo- 
rigines of Florida acquired the art of making pottery. 

In 1898, Mr. Moore found a remarkable domiciliary An Uniqu 
mound on the southeast end of Little Island, Beaufort Vomen 
County, South Carolina. The mound was about four- 




Mound on Little Island, South Carolina 

teen feet high with an elliptical base the north and south 
diameter of which measured one hundred and fifty feet 
and the east and west diameter about one hundred feet. 
On the mound were pine-trees, some of them large, and 
live-oaks of moderate size. Excavation exposed the clay 
walls of a quadrilateral enclosure nearly thirty-five by 
forty feet. The walls were a little more than four feet 
high, and were supported by upright posts that projected 



38 



The Neolithic Americans 



diameter. The bottom of this pit was covered with an 
inch of fine chocolate-colored dust. Then came a cavity 
a foot high in the center, over which the sand-filling was 
arched. Above the sand and on the level of the surface- 
soil was a little mound in which were found the bones of 
fifteen or twenty persons, in a heap without order or 
arrangement. Mingled with the bones were charcoal 
and ashes. The bones were charred, and some were 
glazed with melted sand. Above this mound (marked 2 
in the figure) were a layer of clay or mortar mixed with 
sand and burned to a brick-red color, and another layer 
two feet thick and composed of calcined human bones, 
mingled with charcoal, ashes, and a reddish-brown mortar- 
like substance burned as hard as pavement brick. Above 
this was the external layer of soil and sand about a foot thick. 

Burial-mounds ..««iii^^ I , A burial-mound on the bank 

of the Mississippi River near 




Section of a Burial-mound 



Davenport, Iowa, shows a like 
stratified structure. Beneath 
successive layers of earth and stone was a nucleus in 
which were found skulls (and fragments of bones) lying 

in a semicircle and each surround- 
ed by a circle of small stones. 
From the position of 
\ the skulls and bones, 

- ^^ ^ ^ 'tLrthesebodles 

had been buried in a sitting 
posture. Accompanying the 
skeletons were ■ two copper 
axes, two small hemispheres 
of copper and one of silver, 
a bear's tooth, and an arrow- 
head. There was no evi- 
dence of the use of fire in the 
burial ceremonies. All of 




Vertical and Horizontal Sections of a 
Burial-mound 



the mounds of the group to which this belongs are conical 
and of comparatively small size, varying from three to 
eight feet in height. 



The Northmen 



8i 



Bjarni Herjulfson had been borne on the cold current 
that sets southward from the arctic circle and flows 
through the narrowed channel between Iceland and Green- 
land. By reason of two 
physical conditions, in com- 
bination with the restless 
activity of the tenth-century 
Northmen, Bjarni had 
sighted the American coast 
and "sailed along the shores 
of Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador to Greenland. He 
made no landing on the con- 
tinent. 

Near the end of the cen- 
tury, Leif Ericson (i.e., Leif 
the son of Eric) sailed from 
Greenland to Norway and 
found that King Olaf had 
accepted the Christian relig- 
ion and was forcing it upon 
his people with true Moham- 
medan zeal. It was about this time that the king sent 
word that, if all the Norsemen inhabiting Iceland did 
not at once become Christians, he would kill every one 

of them he could lay 




Map of Bjarni's Course 




hand upon. Leif was 
converted with the 
rest and, on his return 
to Greenland, took a 
priest of the new faith 
with him. Greenland 
became a Christian 
land and her people 
built Christian 

Ruins of the Church at Katortok churchcS. The TuinS 

of one of these, known as the Katortok church, still remain. 

Inevitably, the story of the land that Bjarni had seen 

was much discussed in the Greenland homes. Among 




CHAPTER 



V I 



PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR 



Profit and 
Progress 



They that go doivn to the sea in ships, that do business in great "waters ,• these see the 
ivorks of the Lord, and his ivonders in the deep. — Psalm cvii. 



T 



HE wondrous story that, in the latter part of 
the thirteenth century, the Venetian, Marco 
Polo, had told of Kublai Khan, and of Mangi 
and Cathay (China) with their countless cities, teeming 

wealth, and indescribable mag- 
nificence, had aroused the curi- 
osity and kindled the avarice 
of the western world. The 
growing wealth and luxury of 
the age had made an increasing 
demand for the costly mer- 
chandise of India, and the 
great cities of Italy had fattened 
on the traffic. But the path- 
way to the gorgeous East lay 
through wide deserts and hostile 
countries. Portugal and Castile, 
far removed from the devious 
route of this profitable commerce, were almost forced to 
turn their eyes to the western ocean and to seek therein 
new paths and new domains. The drain of coin from 
the west to the east had doubled the purchasing power 
of silver and gold in Europe, and some readjustment 




Marco Polo 



Columbus's Third Voyage 



95 



kindle enthusiasm. These children of a teeming fancy 1498 
were destined to be placed side by side with the soberer 
statements of Americus Vespucius, and thus to make it 




Columbus at the Island of Margarita 

more easy to rob the great discoverer of his right to fix 
his name upon a world that he had found. 

After sailing northwest for four days, Columbus Espanoia 
sighted Haiti about fifty leagues west of the new capital August 19 
that, in honor of their father, Bartholomew had named 
Santo Domingo. The admiral sent a messenger over- 



332 



Westward Ho ! 



I 5 
I 5 



6 three ships laden with suppHes and also made vain search 

7 for the colony that he had planted. To protect the 






^^^■^^^'te;K#V 



— TWJ^ 




An Indian Village 

rights of England, Grenville left fifteen men with supplies 

for two years. 
Roanoke In the following spring, the still hopeful Ralegh pre- 

Reestabiished p^^g^j ^ ncw colony. John White and twelve associates 



Virginia Under the Charter 



47 



many of the later historians refuse to accept it. Like the 1608 
story of the apocryphal voyage of Vespucius, it has not 
been absolutely disproved and is not without able and 
valiant defenders. 

On his return to Jamestown, Smith was arrested, in- The First 
dieted under the Levitical law for allowing the death of ^"Pp'^ 
two of his men, found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. 
" But it pleased God to send Captain Newport unto us 
the same evening." The "John and Francis" had January 2-12 
arrived from England with the " first supply," about 
seventy ad- 
ditional set- 
tlers. As the 
ship came 
to her desti- 
nation on 
Saturday 
evening, the 
immigrants 
did not land 
until Mon- 
daymorning. 
Newport 
immediately 
liberated 
Wingfield 
and Smith ; 
" also by his 
comyng was 
prevented a 
parliament 
which ye 
newe coun- 
s ail or, Mr. 
Recorder 
[A re h e r] 

i ntPndpd Title-page of Smith s Generall Hutorie 

thear to summon." The colony had been reduced to 
forty persons, and these were nearly starved; the hunger 




ii6 



The Pilgrims 



1620 then wooded shores of Cape Cod were seen. As the 
Pilgrims' patent was for Virginia and not for New Eng- 
land, they turned toward the south, " to find," says 
Bradford, "some place about Hudson's river for their 
habitation." It has been charged, apparently with little 
reason, that, through collusion with the Dutch, Captain 
Jones treacherously forced a change of destination. It 
is now pretty certain that the depravity of the captain 
and the prejudices of the Dutch had less to do with the 
determination of the landing-place than did the vagaries 
of the Gulf Stream, the dangers of the Massachusetts 



Saturday, No- 
vember 1 1 -2 1 



A T L A N T I C 
OCEAN 




Map of Cape Cod Harbor 

coast, and the political sagacity of the forefathers. At all 
events, after standing southward half a day, the " May- 
flower " turned back, doubled the cape, and found a rest- 
ing-place in what is now the harbor of Provincetown, "the 
only windward port within two hundred miles where the 
ship could have lain at anchor for the next month un- 
vexed by the storms which usher in a New England win- 
ter." As the passengers looked back upon what they 
had endured and the dangers that they had escaped, it 
seemed that " a sea voyage was an inch of hell." 



The Pilgrims 



125 



seed-time and harvest, the country was explored as far as i 6 2 i 
Boston Harbor. Winslow and Hopkins went on an 
embassy to Massasoit and recognized his friendly dis- 
position and the squalor of Indian life. When some of 
the subjects of Massasoit formed a conspiracy against 
their sachem, Standish and a dozen men promptly marched 
against the recalcitrants. There was no fighting but, as a 
result of the demonstration, nine sachems came into 
Plymouth and acknowledged themselves to be the loyal 
subjects of King James. 

The summer was prosperous, the harvest was abundant. Thanksgiving 
Then was had the first of those New England autumnal ^^"^ 
feasts, " now kept with gladness in the homes, and with 
worship in the churches, all r7=-- 
the way from Plymouth to 
the Golden Gate." With 
statesmanlike hospitality, 
Massasoit and several score 
of his people were feasted 
for three days. A few days 
later, the " Fortune " brought 
Robert Cushman and thirty- 
five recruits. Cushman 
brought a new patent, the 
first granted by the council 
for New England. This 
oldest existing Plymouth 
document, issued in the 
name of John Pierce, one of 
the London adventurers and 
his associates, superseded 
the unused Wincob patent. 
It conveyed a tract of land 
to be selected by the plant- 
ers, allowed a hundred acres 

to be taken up for every emigrant, provided fifteen hundred 
acres for public buildings, and conferred self-governing 
powers. It fixed no territorial limits and, unfortunately, 
never was confirmed by the crown. In the following 



SERMON 

PREACHED AT 

P L I M M O T H J N 

NEW -ENGL AND 
Veutnher 9. 1621.- 
In an altcmblic of his 

CSUifflits fduhfuU 
Slihtn,, ihrrc 

WHEREIN IS-S HEWED 
the danger of fclfe-Iouc , and the 
fweetncircoftrucFriendniip. 

r a ETHE K 

WITH A PREFACE, 
Shewing thcftatcof the Councry, 

tind Condition of the 
SAVAGES. 

R o M. 12. 10. 
ic affeUitnedto lone one unother with irotkerly 
ioue. 

Written in the jcarc irfii. ' 



t ND ow 
Printed by A Z). foi- I o H » B t i. l a m 1 e, 

iiid arc to be fold at his Qiop ir chc two Gtcy. 

liounjs .n Comc-luH, r.cot the Kc'^'U 



November 

IC3-20 



The Pierce 
Patent 



June i-l I 



Title-page of Cushman's Sermon at 
Plymouth 



200 



Maryland Before the Restoration 



1632 The limits of the grant were clearly defined, and 
The Charter included parts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia and 
all of what is Maryland and Delaware. The government 
was of a type familiar in England, but (excepting that of 
the short-lived Avalon) new in America. The lord pro- 
prietor might coin money, grant titles of nobility (except 
such as were then in use in England), create courts, 
appoint judges, pardon criminals, and, in brief, exercise 
all the royal rights, privileges, and prerogatives that had 




THE CHARTER 

OF 

'Harles By the 

Grace ©fGOD, King of 

ErgUn'i,S<etUnd^Ffitire^ 

and JrcUnd, Dcfendor 

of the Faith, &c. To all 

ro v/hom thcfc Prcfents 

iTial! come greeting. 

WHEREAS Our right Trufty and 

WcIlbo!wcd Snbjcft Ceciliui C»!uert,'&iioa 

ciBiit'erKore in our Kingdom of freUnd, Sonne 

and hcJTcof Sir Gcm/Cahen Knigbr,U« Ba- 

A 2 f'^" 




(2.) 



""^^n 



■ 

ron o^Bultemiirc in the fame Kingdomc of /re- ■ 
/-ewt^ipurfuirghisFathcrs intentions, being ex- 
•• cited with a laudable and pious zeale for the 

propagation of the Chriftian Faitb,and the en- 
largement of our Empire and Dominion, hath 
hnmbly befough: leave of Vs , by his induftry 
and charge, to tranfrort an ample Colony of 
the £«g///Ij Nation auto a ccrtainc Countrey 
hereafter defcribcd, in the parts of yimeria^ 
not yet cultivated and p'anted,though in foni: 
parts thereof inhabited by cettaine barbarous 
people, having no knowledge of Almighty 
God, and hath humbly bcfoiighc our Royall 
Majeftic to give, grant, and confirmc all the 
faidCoiintiey,>vith certaine Priviledges and 
lurifdiftions, rcquifite for the good govern- 
raent,and ftate of his Colony, and Countrey a- 
forefaidjto him and his heires for ever. 
rhehunii. KNOW Y E E therefore , that Wee fa- 
vouring the pious, and Noble purpofc of the ' 
faid Barons of Sit/rirwrf, of our fpeciall grace, 
certaine know ledge, and mcere motion, have 
given,granted,and confirmed, and by this our 
prefentCbar:cr,forVs, Our Heires, and Sac- 
ccflbrs, doe give , grant and confirme unto the 
faid Cecilius, now Baton n(Sahimort,hri heires 
and Affignes,all that partefa PerjnfuU , lying 
inthepa'rtsof >OTCriirj , bctn-ecnc the Ocean 
on the Eaft, and the Bay of Chefipead- on rhc 
Wefl, anj.divided from the other part thereof, 

by 



The First Two Pages of the First Appearance in Print and in Translation of the Maryland Charter 

ever been enjoyed by any bishop of Durham within his 
county palatine, "that independent, self-governing fief 
on the northern border of England which until 1536 
remained outside the control of the kings of England 
and formed a petty state by itself" These powers 
undoubtedly exceeded any others conferred by the English 
crown upon any subject. While the charter thus created 
a hereditary, provincial, constitutional monarchy, with 
powers unprecedentedly great, the rights that it secured 



Carolina 



2 I 



John Fiske and other historians that at Charles Town 1682 

the bucaneers found an open port and a hearty welcome 1685 

is vigorously denied by later historical writers of South 

Carolina, one of| 

whom informs me 

that "hundreds of 

records in South 

Carolina prove 

[said reports] to 

be absolutely 

false." 

Governor West 
now found him- 
self surrounded by 
political difficulties 
of increased sever- 
ity. The inhabit- 
ants of Berkeley 
County were 
warmly opposed 
to the injustice of 
the parliamentary 
apportionment. 
The first funda- 
mental CO nstitu- 

-tions had provided for the tenure of land for the rental 
of a penny an acre "or the value thereof." When, in 
clear violation of the contract, payment of quit-rent in 
money was demanded and the settlers urged that money 
was scarce and proffered the merchantable produce of the 
land, the proprietors replied, "We insist to sell our 
lands in our own way." When the proprietors ordered 
that the third set of the fundamental constitutions should 
be put in practice, even the grand council protested. 
Recognizing the impossibility of obeying his instructions 
without incurring the enmity of the colonists, Governor 
West became disheartened and gave up his office. The 
council chose Morton as governor and, in September, 
1685, the proprietors sent him a commission. 




r.A«/?B-i/j»j// Jjijsr-tea. HOOHif. Baccha-ko^^ 



Engraved Title-p.ige of' the first Dutch Edition 
Esquemeling, 1678 



96 



Pennsylvania 



I 6 8 I 

The 

Pennsylvania 

Grant 



The royal grant conveyed a domain larger than Ire- 
land, one of the greatest ever given by an English king 
to an individual, and the repository of unimagined 
natural resources. The new province was to extend from 
the Delaware River westward through five degrees of 
longitude, "the said lands to bee bounded on the North 
by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of 
Northern latitude, and on the South, by a Circle drawne 
at twelve miles distance from New Castle Northwards 
and Westwards unto the beginning of the fortieth degree 
of Northerne Latitude and then by a streight Line west- 
wards, to the Limitt of Longitude above 
menconed." The boundaries thus 
described were ambiguous in more 
respects than one. The northern line 
was designated as "the beginning of the 
three and fortieth degree" and else- 
where in the same charter as "the three 
and fortieth degree." Did this mean 
the forty-third parallel of northern 
latitude or the southern edge of 
the zone between the forty- 
second and the forty-third 
parallels? The former inter- 
pretation (on which Penn later 
insisted) would have thrown 
Albany, modern Troy, and 
Buffalo into Pennsylvania. 
The southern boundary ques- 
tion was still more compli- 
cated. If "the beginning of 
the three and fortieth degree" 
really signified the forty- 
second parallel, then, of 
course, "the beginning of the 
fortieth degree" would mean 
the thirty-ninth parallel. Such an interpretation would 
give the western shore of Delaware Bay and the head 
of Chesapeake Bay to Penn, who sadly needed ports 




George Fox's Watch-seal and 
Wax Impression Thereof 




The French Exploration of the West 179 



« 7 



March 19 



March with a woeful story of mishaps. He set out again i 6 
in April with his brother and a score. He returned i 6 
with only eight of the twenty and found the colony 
reduced from one hundred and eighty to forty-five. 
No relief came 
from France 
and, in January, 
1687, La Salle 
set out again 
with sixteen men 
to seek at his 
Fort Saint Louis 
help for the rem- 
nant of his col- 
ony in Texas. 
Then came 
quarrels, the 
murder of the 
leader, and the 
killing of the 
two assassins. 
Some of the sur- 
vivors worked 
their way to the 
fort on the Illi- 
nois and thence 
to Canada and ''^'"'^'^^^ "^ ^' ^'^^' 

France. The French king could not be induced to send 
relief to the colony in Texas and the Spaniards sent to 
capture it heard a story of smallpox and slaughter. A 
full decade went by before France made any effort to 
take up the work anew. 

De La Barre, Frontenac's successor, was so plainly De La Barre 
overmatched by Dongan in New ^'^ .,, 

. -' D UenonviUe 

York that, in 1685, Denonville 

Autograph of Denonville ' ^^S SCnt tO QuebcC aS gOVemOr. 

To frustrate English plans, Denonville ordered Duluth 
with fifty men to the Detroit River where he built a 
picket fort near the site of Fort Gratiot. To the 





H A 



T E R 



I X 



THE FRENCH EXPLORATION OF THE WEST 



1634 

1689 

The English 
Frontier 



A 



the end of the seventeenth century, the Ameri- 
can frontier had been pushed from the Atlantic 
seaboard just beyond the " fall line," where the 

streams leave their rocky beds and, by a series of rapids 

or fa 1 1 s, 

enter 

deeper 

channels. 

At this line 

fish love to 

linger, 

navigation 

has to stop, 

and water- 
power be- 

comes 

available to 

industry; 

hence, pre- 
Columbian 

village 

sites, post- 
Columbian 

trading 

DOStS and Map of the English Colonies, Showing the "Fall Line" 

modern cities and railways. But while the English colo- 
nists were thus appropriating the Atlantic seaboard, the 




From Louisburg to Fort Necessity 




7 4 7 
7 4 8 



gang 
sent to 
Boston 
to make 
good 
this 
loss 
seized 
whom 
they would and 



November 17, 
1747 



Autograph ot Commodore Charles Knowlcs 

bore them off — unwilling recruits 
for the royal navy. This was an outrage not to be tol- 
erated in the American metropolis. Shirley was fright- 
ened by what he called the "mobbishness" of the 
people, and officers of the fleet who happened to be on 
shore were seized and held as hostages. In the end, 
Knowles released most of those who had been impressed 
and, to the great joy of the people of Boston, put to 
sea. 

The feeling aroused by this incident was not lessened Louisburg 
by the terms of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle whereby Restored to 
England gave back the hard-won Louisburg for far-away octobery-is, 
Madras. This surrender of the fruit of a conquest '^48 
rr-^^ .- , . - - _ , . ^ ^ largely won by 



^TWENTV FOURTH ^^^^olkr^ (^^Ml 



VN 



the colonists 
\\as grievous 
tor Massa- 
chusetts men 
to bear. A 
N'ear later, 
however, a 
salve was 
tound for the 
M a s s a c h u - 

Massachusetts Three-penny BUI, 1750 „„^|._ hnrt 

when parliament voted that the various colonies should 
be reimbursed for their expenses in the expedition 
against Louisburg. Two hundred and seventeen chests 



r 3 „ .yl J/^A 



I^TOSII 



I 2 



From Louisburg to Fort Necessity 



King's 
College 



1746 ernor, he took an oath that bound him to maintain the 

1756 prerogatives of the king. 

In 1 746, the provincial assembly passed an act author- 
izing a lottery in aid of a 
college and, in 1 751, named 
ten trustees to take charge 
of the moneys raised for 
that purpose. The Rever- 
end Samuel Johnson was 
chosen president in 1753; 
on the seventeenth of July, 
1754, he began the instruc- 
tion of the first class in the 
vestry-room of the school- 
house of Trinity Church. 




On the thirty-first of OctO- ^eal of King's College from 1754 to 1775 

ber in the same year, the institution, "King's College," 





Crown on Flag-staff of 
King's College 



King's College in 1760 

received a royal charter. In 1755, the trustees of Trinity 
Church deeded to the college a large plot of land 
and, on the twenty-third of August, 1756, the 
corner-stone of the first building was laid in what 
was subsequently the block bounded by College 
Place, Barclay, Church, and Murray streets — at 
that time a beautiful situation with surroundings 
of groves and green fields and a fine view of the 



From Louisburg to Fort Necessity 



33 




Potomac. In 1747, George took up his residence at i 
Mount Vernon with his brother Lawrence who had mar- i 
ried Anne, the daughter 



of Sir Wilham Fairfax, 
manager of the great 
estate of his cousin, 
Thomas, sixth Lord Fair- 
fax. 

Lord Fairfax, a grandson 
of Lord Culpeper, had in- 
herited more than five mil- 
lion acres in Virginia. Hewas 
a graduate of Oxford and had 
written for Addison's Specta- 
tor. To a somewhat eccentric 
disposition, disappointment 
in love had added a desire for 
seclusion, so that, in 1 745, he 
had left England for his Vir- 
ginia domain. Lord Fairfax 
soon made the acquaintance 
of George Washington and 
was so well impressed by the boy of sixteen that, in 1748, 
he sent him to survey certain of his lands beyond the 
Blue Ridge. On the favorable report of the young sur- 
veyor, Lord Fairfax took up his residence at Greenway 
Court, a manor of ten thousand acres on the Shenandoah 
River, about twelve miles southeast of the present town of 
Winchester. Washington was a frequent visitor at Green- 
way Court and, from its owner and those about him, 
gained a knowledge of men and manners that was to exer- 
cise a profound influence upon his character and career. 
Through Fairfax's favor he obtained a commission as a 
public surveyor of Culpeper County. This entitled his 
surveys to a place in the county oflice; they are still held 
in high esteem for their completeness and accuracy. 

For three years, the young man "roughed it" on the Major 
border, strengthening his physique against stress of days "^^^hington 
to come, learning much of Indian and of Indian trader. 



Silver Bowl used at Christening 
of George Washington 




H A 



T E R 



I X 



THE CAMPAIGN 
THE CAPTURE OF 



OF I 7 5 «_ 
LOUISBURG 



The 

" Impregna- 
ble " Fortress 



Its Garrison 



^FTER Louisburg had been restored to France by 
/-\ the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, great sums were 
-i- -m- furnished by the French government for repairing 
and strengthening it. But much of the money was 
embezzled and the fortress, though the strongest in 
French or British North America, had decided weak- 
nesses. The original plan had not been carried out; the 
circumference of the walls was so great that an enormous 
garrison was required to man them; there was high 
ground outside the walls and not far away ; and the mortar 
used was so poor that the masonry crumbled under the 
action of frost and rain. 

In the spring of 1758, the commandant of the fortress 
was the Chevalier de Drucour, a brave officer whose 
patience had been sadly worn by the difficulties and 
vexations of the four years that he had spent there. The 
garrison consisted of four battalions of French regulars, 
twenty companies of Canadians, and two companies of 
artillery, aggregating about thirty-eight hundred men, of 
whom about twenty-nine hundred were able to bear 
arms. In addition to these were a body of armed inhabi- 
tants and a band of Indians, while in the harbor lay a 
fleet of five ships of the line and seven frigates carrying 
five hundred and forty-four guns, and about three thou- 
sand men. The fortress mounted two hundred and 
nineteen cannons and seventeen mortars and there were 



Pitt Plans the Campaign of 1758 



159 



vessels were run upon the beach and many of them were 
floated off only after their cargoes and guns had been 
thrown overboard. Of all the vessels fitted out this year 
for the destitute and hard-pressed colony, few arrived at 
their destmation. Sea power, the decisive factor in many 
great conflicts, was beginning to turn the scale in this. 



7 5 




2 24 Campaign of I'^Q — The Contestants 



1-59 Thanks to William Pitt, a new spirit was abroad in the 
Pitt in Power BHtish empire. In the last campaign, British arms had 
won some successes in America, the French had been 
driven from the Guinea coast while, in Germany, the 
kincT of Prussia had held his own. When parliament 
met late in November, Eno;1and was aglow with enthusi- 
asm. Pitt was 
omnipotent. 
"Our vmanim- 
ity is prodi- 
tjious," wrote 
Horace Wal- 
pole. "You 
would as soon 
hear a 'No' 
trom an old 
maid as from 
the House of 
Commons." 
Despite the 
unprece- 
dented ex- 
pense, the wai 
was to be 
carried on 
more vitjor- 
o u s 1 V t h a n 
ever. Finan- 
cial aid was to 
be sent to 
to continue to 




Uoiibnu 01 BrLusii Soldier of the Forty-eightii Regar 
Foot, 1-42-64 



Pitt's Plin tor 
the Carcpiiga 
in .-America 



King Frederick; the British navy was 
capture more French vessels and to threaten the French 
coast; the colonial possessions of France were to be 
wrested from her and her commercial aspirations crushed. 
Pitt intended that the heaN^est blow should be struck 
in America. The operations there were to be along two 
lines, which were eventually to meet in cooperation. An 
armv of twelve thousand men under Wolfe and a fleet 
consisting of one-fourth of the British navy were to ascend 



Wolfe and Saunders Before Qjiebec 261 




three thousand men, broke up their camp at the Point 1759 
of Orleans, leaving Major Hardy with some marines to 
hold that post, and 
were ferried across the 
north channel of the 
river. Before day- 
break, they landed at 
L'Ange Gardien, a 
short distance below 
the mouth of the 
Montmorency. '1 hey 
met with little resist- 
ance and began to for- 
tify themselves on the W ■ i- ' ' July 9 
plateau above. It has 
often been pointed 
out that the three 
separate iMiglish camps 
might have been at- 
tacked and defeated in Light Dragoon (k-ft) and Grenadier ( iiack and front), 

detail, but an English 1744-60 

fleet was near at hand and thus made less the dangers 
of division. Moreover, Montcalm had determined 
on a policy of wearing out his assailants and would 
not be tempted into an abandonment of it. From his 
new position, Wolfe hoped to be able to cross the 
Montmorency, to drive the French out of the Beauport 
lines, and closely to invest Qiiebec. Confident of the 
superior discipline of his troops, he also hoped that the 
enemy would attack him. Levis, who commanded the 
French left, was anxious to make such an attack, but the 
more cautious Montcalm said: "Let him amuse himself 
where he is; if we drive him off, he may go to some 
place where he can do us harm." 

Montcalm's estimate of Wolfe's new position was cor- The Dividing 
rect. Although the English were now within musket- ^'"'^ 
shot of the extreme French left, they were well cut off. 
Below the feathery falls, two hundred and fifty feet in 
height, the river was broad and shallow and could be waded 



292 



The Battle of the Plains of Abraham 




1759 crash, the EngHsh poured in their first volley, sweeping 
down the French by hundreds. With precision and 
celerity, the men reloaded and moved twenty paces to the 

front. Again they 
poured in their volley 
and "then followed a 
short, but deadly 
fire-fight; the French 
fighting gallantly, 
but firing wildly and without concentration; whilst the 
British line kept up its quick, intense, but perfectly 
controlled, double-shotted volleys." Soon the French 
line began to waver. The English dashed in with the 
bayonet; the Highlanders with the claymore; in a 
few moments the French army was a disorderly mob 
in wild flight for safety, "driven, with a prodigious 
slaughter, into the town and their other intrench- 
ments on the other side of the River St. Charles." 
A French officer who was present says : " Our troops 
gave the first fire, the British the second, and the affair 
was over. Our right took to their heels, our center 
ran away after them and drew along the left, and so 
the battle was lost in less time than I am telling the 
story." In less than ten minutes the fate of a con- 
tinent had been decided. Although not included in 
Creasy 's famous list, Quebec was one of the decisive 
battles of the world. 

Before the main French attack began, Wolfe, while on 
a visit to the left, had been hit in the wrist, but he tied 
the wound up with his handkerchief and kept on. As he 
passed the center, another bullet struck him in the groin, 
but he kept on, pouring out his spirit, says a grenadier 
officer, "in animated exhortations and fiery eloquence, 
which spring from that deep emotion which none but 
warriors can feel" and "none but heroes can utter." 
Just as the final charge began, a third bullet passed 
through one of his lungs; half-stunned by the shock, he 
staggered and was carried to the rear and seated on the 
ground. There the staflF surgeon and a favorite servant 



Wolfe 
Wounded 



For the Building of a Nation 



7 



and the supply of labor is consequently scanty, manu- 1763 
facturing is likely to languish. So it was in the colonies. 
Still, a great many articles 
that now are ordinarily pur- 
chased were then made at 
home. The northern farm 
was almost as self-sufficient 
as was the mediaeval manor. 
Many families produced all 

the clothing, furniture, etc., a Boy's shoe, worn previous to the Revolution 

that they used. In short, the man of that day was a jack- 
of-all-trades who could turn his hand to almost anything, 





A Loom 



from making a wooden rake 
to building a house. Despite a Reel 

repressive English legislation and the dearth of labor, 
there was, especially in the North, considerable manufac- 
turing on the larger scale. Thus there were fulling-mills 
in several of the colonies, and iron-works were in existence 
in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and elsewhere. Bur- 
naby tells us that, in 1758, sixty thousand dozen pairs 
of thread stockings, worth a dollar a pair, were made at 
Germantown. The distillation of rum from West India 



8 



For the Building of a Nation 




Carpenters' Tools of Colonial Times 

(Reproduced from the original articles kindly loaned by 

Mr. John E. L. Hazen, Shirley, Mass.) 

1763 molasses was an important New England industry, as 
will be more fully explained a few pages further on. 
There were perhaps fifty colonial printing-presses, and 
the production of naval stores, leather, and other arti- 
cles gave employment to many. 

Ship-building Of all manufactures, however, ship-building was perhaps 
the most important. In 1769, three hundred and eighty- 
nine vessels of an aggregate of twenty thousand tons 
burden were launched. Of this number, Massachusetts 
built one hundred and thirty-seven; Connecticut, fifty; 
New Hampshire, forty-five; Rhode Island, thirty-nine; 
Virginia, twenty-seven ; Pennsylvania, twenty-two ; Mary- 
land, twenty ; and New York, nineteen. It was generally 
remarked, however, that American vessels did not last as 
long as did those built in Europe. For this, two reasons 
were assigned : one was that American timber was naturally 
less durable than European; the other, that the spirit of 
haste, even then noticeable in America, did not allow 
sufficient time for the timber to become seasoned. 



For the Building of a Nation 



19 



ered in the city of New York in a single day 
traveled very slowly. It took 
nineteen days to carry the Lex- 
ington and Concord story to Savan 
nah. 

Of course, there were great differ- 
ences in social conditions and meth- 
ods of living. Some of the very 
wealthy lived in stately mansions 
and made a brave display of fine 
furniture, plate, and china, had many 



News T 7 6 3 





Joseph Wanton, the Tory Governor of 
Rhode Island 



Leather Mail Bag, carried between Hartford, 
Middletown, and New Haven, in 1775 

liveried servants, kept 
London-made coaches and Social Life 
chariots, dressed magnifi- 
cently in silks and satins, 
and created a fair imita- 
tion of English "society." 
Still their luxury fell far 
below the luxury of to-day ; 
even the richest did not 
enjoy many of what are 
now regarded as necessa- 
ries of life. Most of those 
who lived on the border, 
and much of the country 
was border, as well as many 



20 



For the Building of a Nation 





1763 who lived elsewhere, 
dwelt in log cabins, 
dressed in buckskin 
and homespun, 
lived on a rude 
plenty of game 
and "hog and 
hominy," and 
enjoyed such 
relaxations 
as log-roll- 

incr<J husk- 1°^^^ Hancock's Double Chair 

ing-bees, and shooting-matches. 

The great mass of the people were neither rich 
nor poor, and lived sober, industrious, laborious 
lives. In New England and in the middle colo- 
nies, even the men who had acquired wealth usually 
kept themselves in the working class. 
A Fire Bucket jj^ (-^g South, howevcr, the well-to-do 
led easier lives and devoted more time to 
Domestic Life social functions and to such sports as cock- 
fighting, fox-hunting, fishing, shooting, and 
horse-racing. I n reply to a question as to 
how the Virginia planters of the old 
regime spent their time, Thomas 
Jefferson once said: "My 
father had a devoted friend, 
to whose house he would go, 
dine, spend the night, dine 
with him again on the second 
day, and return to Shadwell in 
the evening. His friend, in 
the course of a day or two, 1 
returned the visit and spent the j 
same length of time at his house. 
This occurred every week; and thus, 
you see, they were together four days 
out of the seven." With their house- 
A Lamp used about 1775 hold dutics and thc care of numerous 




Repeal of the Townshend Acts 



103 



the request that he would, in person, present it to the 1769 
king. In April, the command of the troops in Boston 
devolved upon Alexander Mackay, colonel of the sixty- 
fifth regiment and a member of parliament. Mackay 
soon went to England, leaving the command to Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Dalrymple. 

The Massachusetts general court met at the end of Free Repre- 
May. Boston was garrisoned by royal troops and two 3^„"j''j^mtary 
cannons commanded the approach to what is now the old Duress 
state house, where the sessions of the court were held. 




IV'^ ,3^ -^-f 








'^1 









Tg^lS 



> I ^,Ri9%siiiPls ' P mm ^ III i i'*'^*'* '^^^^ 







View of tne Oia State House, Boston, 1791, from Wasnmgton Street 

A committee of the house of representatives was promptly 
appointed to ask for the removal of the soldiers. "An 
armament by sea and land investing this metropolis," 
they declared, "and a military guard with cannon pointed 
at the door of the state house where the assembly is held, 
are inconsistent with that dignity and freedom with which 
they have a right to deliberate, consult, and determine. 
They expect that your excellency will, as his majesty's 
representative, give effectual orders for the removal of the 
above-mentioned forces by sea and land out of this port 



io8 



Repeal of the Townshend Acts 




iB-ir fill u Lv. 1 3f Bji 

*,wTOCJa -thlVallr V 





"T -fillFi^' ^'"i ^fTT^t^: ' 



B>«(fil!«I*.u 






The Bloody Massacre on the Streets ot Boston, March 5, 1770, engraved and colored by Paul Revere 

Reproduction in facsimile (reduced) by special permission from a copy of the original 
kindly loaned by the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts 

1770 officer and twelve men to protect the sentinel and the 
custom-house, himself following soon after. When he 
arrived, he found the guard surrounded by a mob armed 
with clubs; members of the mob pressed up almost to 
the muzzles of the guns and even threw snow in the 



The War Begun 



237 



Patriotic 

Prudence 



The oration was at once vehement and prudent, sug- 1775 
gesting much, yet avoiding anything that could be called Warren's 
treason. For example, this: "Even the sending of" 
troops to put 
these acts in 
execution is 
not without 
advantages to 
us. The ex- 
actness and 
beauty of 
their disci- 
pline inspire 
our youth 
with ardor in 
the pursuit of 
military 
knowledge. 
Charles the 
I nvincib le 
taught Peter 
the Great the 
art of war. 
The battle of 
Pultowa con- 
vinced 
Charles 
of the pro" 
ficiency Peter 
had made." 
And this: "If 

it appears that the only way to safety is through fields of 
blood, I know you will not turn your faces from your 
foes, but will undauntedly press forward until tyranny is 
trodden under foot, and you have fixed your adored 
Goddess Liberty fast by a Brunswick's side on the 
American throne." While Warren was speaking, an 
officer on the pulpit stairs held up some bullets in his 
open palm. The speaker quietly dropped his handker- 




262 



The First Months of War 



1775 more than an inchoate mass, loosely organized, poorly 
equipped, and ill supplied with powder. The authority 
of Ward was recognized by the contingents from other 
colonies by courtesy only. For the work in hand, a 
stronger organization was necessary. Elbridge Gerry had 
already written, with the approval of Warren, to the 
Massachusetts delegates in the continental congress, that 
the Massachusetts leaders would "rejoice to see this way 
the beloved Colonel Washington." 

The loyalists, meantime, were divided between hope 
and fear. The large reinforcements reported to be on 
the way from England were anxiously awaited. On the 
twenty-fifth of May, the troops and three general officers 

arrived. On the 
departure of the gen- 
erals from London, 
an irreverent rhyme- 
ster had sung: 



Howe, 
Clinton, and 
Burgoyne 




Behold! the "Cerberus" the 
Atlantic plough, 

Her precious cargo, Burgoyne, 
Clinton, Howe, 

Bow ! wow ! wow ! 

With the reinforce- 
ments. Gage's army 
numbered about ten 
thousand men. The 
committee of safety 
decided to remove 
the live stock from 
the islands in the har- 
bor and Gage under- 
took to secure the 
hay on Grape Island, 
near Weymouth. 
These foraging expe- 
john Burgoyne ditions brought on 

lively skirmishes, in one of which the British lost some 
men, twelve swivels, and a sloop, besides the sheep and 
cattle that Putnam had set out to get. Chief-justice 




-~-§- 



296 



Beleaguered Boston 



1775 the British loss at Bunker Hill and the unexpected resist- 
ance of the Americans made the enemy cautious and the 
dreaded movement from Boston was not attempted. 
In Boston The Condition of the inhabitants of Boston was acute. 

July i6 "Their beef is all spent," wrote Mrs. Adams, "their 

malt and cider all gone. All the fresh provisions they 
can procure, they are obliged to give to the sick, and 
wounded. . . . No man dared now to be seen talk- 
ing to his friend in the street. They were obliged to be 
within, every evening, at ten o'clock, according to martial 
law; nor could any inhabitant walk any street in town 
after that time, without a pass from Gage. He has 
ordered all the molasses to be distilled up into rum for 
the soldiers." So great were the difficulties of subsist- 
ence that eventually General Gage had to consent to the 
departure of many of the inhabitants. 
Meantime, the continental army 
was growing in size and efficiency. 
In the first six weeks of Washing- 
ton's command, there was an increase 
of nearly twenty-four hundred. 
Among the recruits were Captain 
Daniel Morgan's riflemen from Vir- 
ginia. If the discipline of the New 
England troops had been a disap- 
pointment to Washington, the ap- 
^ pearance of Morgan's men was not 
less so to General Thomas who 
thought and said that "the army 
would be as well off without them." 
The fringed hunting-shirts of the 
Virginians provoked the mirth of the 
New Englanders, and, on one occa- 
sion, the men came to blows. Hear- 
ing of the disturbance, Washington 
mounted his horse, rode post-haste to 
the scene of disturbance, "threw the 
bridle of his horse into his servant's 
Morgan's Virginia Rifleman hands, and, Tushing into the thickest 




The New York Campaign 



15 



Pass, two or 
three miles 
still beyond. 
Unfortunate- 
ly, Greene, 
who was a 
capable officer 
and familiar 
with the situ- 
ation, was 
prostrated by 
the prevailing 
fever; on the 
twentieth of 
August he was 
succeeded by 
Sullivan. On 
the twenty- 
fourth, Wash- 
ington placed 





1 T 7 7 6 



Coat of Arms of Israel Putnam 



Private of Artillery, Continental Line 
(From original drawing by Harry A. Ogden) 

Putnam in command; on the 
twenty-fifth, he sent him written 
instructions ; on the twenty-sixth, 
f he crossed over to the island and 
made a personal inspection of the 
intrenchments and the outposts. 
Putnam was devoted, honest, and 
courageous, but he knew almost 
nothing of the arrangements for 
defense and little of scientific war- 
fare. He can hardly be said to have 
exercised general command on the 
day of the battle that was at hand. 



52 



Trenton and Princeton — Congress 



I 7 7 7 be so strong that Washington could hardly hope to hold 

his position. If he should try and fail, his army would be 

destroyed and the American revolution would be at an end. 

The council approved a plan to march around the British 

left flank, to strike a blow at the 

small garrison at Princeton, and, 

if possible, to capture the British 

stores at Brunswick. 
Out of the Cornwallis had marched from 

Tight Place Princeton by the road that led 

through Maidenhead. But there 




Map of Washington's Advance and the Battles of Trenton and Princeton 

was the Qiiaker road, less used and longer by several miles. 
The Americans began intrenchments within hearing dis- 
tance of the enemy and kept the fires burning brightly. 
About one o'clock, the patriot army, excepting about 



Brandywine and Germantown 



67 



hood on a visit, soon arrived with several hundred militia 1777 
and a desperate fight followed. Arnold had two horses 
shot under him. When the first horse fell and the rider 
was extricating his feet from the stirrups, a Tory called 
upon him to " Surrender ! " " Not yet," answered Arnold, 
as, freeing himself, he drew a pistol, shot the Tory, and 
escaped through whizzing bullets to the woods. The 
British made their way to their convoy with a loss of 
about forty killed, many wounded, and some captured. 
Trevelyan, an English historian, says: "It was Lexing- 
ton over again, in every particular, except that at Lex- 
ington the Royal forces had been commanded by a man 
of honour." 

While at Baltimore, congress had appointed five new The imperfect 
major-generals, Stirling, Mifflin, Saint Clair, Stephen, and crga^'"4^°^ "^ 
Lincoln, passing over Arnold who was senior brigadier. February 19 
The pretext for this strange proceeding was that Con- 
necticut already had two major-generals and ought not to 
have another, but the real reason lay deeper. Horatio 
Gates's intrigue was aided by New England hostility to 
Schuyler. As Schuyler's conspicuous friend, Arnold was 
disliked by Schuyler's enemies, and by others he was 
blamed for the disasters of the northern campaign. 
Arnold was incensed by the injustice of congress, but, 
soothed by Washington, he consented to remain in the 
army and to serve under those who lately were his in- 
feriors. After the Tryon 
raid, congress gave him a 
fine horse and a major- 
general's commission, but 
did not restore him to his 
relative rank. 

At the beginning of 
1776, the union flag of 
thirteen stripes, alternate 
red and white, with the 
crosses of Saint George 
and Saint Andrew had 

been unfurled in the camp The First Flag ofthe Union (a reconstruction) 




The First 
Flag 



70 



Brandywine and Germantown 



Pulaski 



I 7 7 7 or New York attacked. Washington at once sent one of 
his aides, Colonel Alexander Hamilton, to report the con- 
clusion of the coun- 
cil to congress and 
to seek its decision 
on the matter. Con- 
gress promptly ap- 
proved the decision, 
but, on the follow- 
ing day, word was 
received that imme- 
diately changed the 
plan of operations. 
Leaving the Brit- 
ish fleet at sea, we 
turn our attention 
tor a moment to 
three European offi- 
cers who, in the 
summer of 1777, 
entered the service 
of the young repub- 
lic. Count Casimir 
Pulaski was a native 
of Poland whose 
estates had been 
confiscated; out- 
lawed and with a 
price upon his head, 
he escaped to Tur- 
key and thence 
passed to France where he met Franklin. As a result 
of this meeting, Pulaski came to America, became a 
member of Washington's staff, and, on the fifteenth of 
September, was appointed commander of the cavalry with 
the rank of major-general. As the native officers would 
not be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner who could 
speak little English and whose ideas of discipline and 
tactics differed widely from their own, Pulaski resigned 




Brandywine and Germantown 



71 




7 7 



Kalb 



his command in 
March, 1778. By 
authority of congress, 
he then recruited, 
chiefly at Baltimore, 
three companies of 
cavalry armed with 
lances and three 
companies of light 
infantry — a corps 
that became famous 
under the name of 
Pulaski's legion. 

Another ofiicer was 
the "Baron" Johann 
de Kalb, a native of 
Bayreuth who had 
risen to the ^^^ ^^ 

the French 
army. He had 
taken part in the Seven Years' war and, in 1768, was 
sent to America as the secret agent of the French gov- 
ernment. In 1777, he agreed with Deane to join the 
continental army, came to America with Lafayette, and 
was made a major-general. Both Pulaski and Kalb September 15 
were to give their lives to the cause in which they 
now embarked. 

The third officer was the Marquis de Lafayette, not Lafayette 
yet twenty years of age, the possessor of a large fortune, 
the husband of a charming wife, and one of a family that 
for centuries had been distinguished in French history. 
In August, 1775, while stationed at Metz as a captain of 
artillery, he heard the duke of Gloucester, brother of the 
English king, give an account of the American revolt. 
Before he left the table, he resolved to offer his services to 
America. At Paris, he found grave and unexpected difficul- 
ties ; France was not ready to take action that might result 



74 



Brandywine and Germantown 



Howe's 
Advance 
toward the 
Brandywine 



1777 capital, the army advanced without delay to Wilmington. 
About this time came cheering news from Stark at Ben- 

nington, of 
which more in a 
later chapter. 

On the day 
that Washing- 
ton arrived at 
Wilmington, 
the British, 
eighteen thou- 
sand strong, 
landed a few 
miles below the 
head of Elk 
[Elkton]. On 
the third of Sep- 
tember, they 
drove back 
Maxwell's 
picked corps. It 
has been claimed 
that, while pass- 
ing through 
Philadelphia, 
some of the 
Delaware 
troops had 
secured flags 
made in accord- 
ance with the statute of the fourteenth of June and 
that, in this skirmish near Coochs bridge, the stars and 
stripes were first under fire. Of this there is no defi- 
nite proof, only a presumption. It is possible, perhaps 
probable, that the new flag was displayed then and there, 
but it is known (and knowledge is more conclusive than 
presumption) that the stars and stripes had been used 
in action a month before at Fort Schuyler, as will be 
explained more fully in the next chapter. In seeking 




,/^^^<v^^' 



August 3 



Brandvwine and Germantown 



85 



While Greene was advancing on Lime-kiln road, Gen- 1777 
eral Stephen of his command heard the firing at Chew's The Day 
house. Stephen seems to have been so drunk that he '^ ^°^' 
abruptly left his line of march and, 
following the sound of battle, struck 
the rear of Wayne's brigade. In the 
fog and smoke, each party mistook 
the other for the British. Confused 
by this attack, Wayne's brigade fell 
back two miles, uncovering Sullivan's 
flank and forcing him to retreat. 
From Philadelphia, Corn wallis 
brought up English battalions, Hes- 
sian grenadiers, and a squadron 
of dragoons on the double quick. 
The day was lost and Washington 
gave orders to retreat. At White- 
marsh, Wayne posted a battery on 
the hill and checked the pursuit. 
The American loss was nearly eleven 
hundred. The British loss was five 
hundred and twenty-one, including 
General Agnew. Greene's delay and 
management have been much blamed 
and much defended. 

Early in October, Washington's 
army was in camp north of the Schuyl- 
kill, on Perkiomy Creek and near (From original drawing by Harry a. Ogden) 

Pennybecker Mill, whence it advanced until, early in Operations on 
November, it was at Whitemarsh. On the nineteenth ^^^ Delaware 
of October, Howe moved his army from Germantown 
into the city where he was really in a state of siege with 
provisions cut off by land, and his brother's fleet held at 
a distance by the defenses of the Delaware. Two days 
later, Donop led his Hessians into New Jersey; an October 22 
assault upon Fort Mercer at Red Bank, then com- 
manded by Colonel Christopher Greene, resulted in a 
severe repulse of the besiegers, the mortal wounding of 
Colonel Donop, and the destruction of two of Admiral 




Private, Seventeenth Light Dragoons 
(British), 1763-86 



94 



Saratoga 



1777 British regulars attacked Warner and a sharp engage- 
ment followed. Hale's regiment of New Hampshire 
militia fled from the field, Riedesel's Hessians 




Soldiers' Belt Buckles ( Brass, Silver, and Copper) found in Camp at Fort Ticonderoga 
(Reproduced directly from the originals kindly loaned by Mr. Silas H. Paine) 

arrived opportunely, and Warner was forced to retreat 
to Rutland with a loss of forty killed and more than 
two hundred wounded and taken captive. The sub- 
sequent capture of Colonel Hale and his fugitive militia 
raised the American loss to more than three hundred. 
With the remnant of his command. Saint Clair made a 
^ circuitous march of more than a hundred miles 

and arrived at Fort Edward on the 
twelfth. 

On the seventh, the British fleet over- 
took the fugitive flotilla at the wharves 
\' at Skenesboro. Two of the galleys sur- 
rendered, the rest were blown up by 
their crews ; bateaux, mills, storehouses, 
and stockade were burned ; according to 
the ofiicial report to General Schuyler, 
"not one earthly thing was saved." 
Colonel Long and his detachment fled 
.by land toward Fort Anne, pursued 
by the ninth regiment of British 
foot under Lieutenant-colonel John 

A- Attack of Americans upon British Advance Corps Hill. On thc eighth, there 
B - Detachment under Earl of Balcarres I 

C . American Position after Gen. Riedesel arrived WaSaSOarp engagement m 

D - British Position after the action 1 . . >^ 1 1 T » 

E- House in which wounded were cared for WhlCh L^OlOnel Long S 

'— -' ^American Forces . . ^ 

c=i » British Forces ISJ c=i German Auxiliaries ammUnitlOn gaVe OUt. iu 

Map of the Battle of Hubbardton COnSCquence of this, Fort 




Saratoga 



95 



Anne was burned and Long then retreated 
to Fort Edward where he joined General ■ 
Schuyler. In his Journal^ Lieutenant Dig- 
by says: "At that action, the 9th took their 
colours, which were intended as a present 
to their Colonel Lord Ligonier. 

] "^'^ 




They were very hand- 
some, a flag of the United 
States, 13 stripes alter- 
nate red and white [with 
thirteen stars], in a blue 
field representing a new 
constellation." If we 
could accept this entry as 
correct, it would establish 
the eighth of July, 1777, 
as the date of the first fly- 
ing of the stars and stripes 
in battle. But it appears 
that news of the enact- 
ment of the flag statute 
of the fourteenth of June 
was not received at Al- 
bany until the thirty-first 
of July and it seems 




Cartridge Box used during the 

Revolution 

(From collection of Mr. Harry 

A. Ogdeni 







'^% 





Two Flags of the Second New Hampshire Regiment 

taken by the British at Fort Anne 

(Now in possession of Colonel George W. Rogers, of Wyke- 

ham, Burgess Hill, Sussex, to whom we are indebted for 

permission to reproduce these, and through whose 

kind assistance we obtained colored photographs 

from which the above were engraved^ 



I lO 



Saratoga 



Gates 

Supersedes 

Schuyler 



1777 General Benjamin Lincoln, who had been sent by Schuy- 
ler into New England to raise troops, was hovering in 
Burgoyne's rear eager to pounce with his two thousand 
men upon Ticonderoga; Stark, now a major-general, 
sent word that he was on his way with the surviving 
heroes of Bennington; smaller bands of well-armed 
patriots were busy with Burgoyne's communications; a 
few days more and Arnold would be back from the 
Mohawk with his eight hundred jubilant volunteers and 
reinforcements from the Tryon County militia. The 
army in Burgoyne's front had already been strengthened 
by thousands of volunteers and by Nixon's and Glover's 
brigades and Morgan's Virginia riflemen that Washington 
had sent from his own insufficient force. Schuyler had 
fairly retrieved his reputation and held the confidence of 
the ten thousand men whom he could put in line when 
the shock of battle came. 

Even the fathers of the republic had their jealousies 
and rivalries that did much to lessen the effectiveness of 

the army. Congress 
made generals at its 
will and replaced them 
at its pleasure, and 
sometimes was con-, 
trolled by party spirit 
and sectional jealousy 
rather than by merit. 
We have seen how 
Arnold and Stark had 
thus been wronged, 
but nowhere else 
were the mischievous 
effects of political 
"pull" as vividly por- 
trayed as in the com- 
mand of the northern 

General Horatio Gates department. WoOS- 

ter, Thomas, Sullivan, Schuyler, and Gates had come and 
gone in quick succession, leaving Schuyler in command 




If 




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MIL. 


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V 



FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE FRENCH ALLIANCE 



Vergennes 



T 



Beaumarchais 



HE Seven Years' war had weakened and humili- 
ated France but had not destroyed the pride of 
her people or the determination of her states- 
men to regain what had been lost. With unrelenting 
energy, her great minister, Choiseul, 
strengthened the French navy, and 
watched for a weak spot in Eng- 
land's armor. Louis XV. died in 
1774 and was succeeded by his 
grandson, Louis XVL, a youth 
of good intentions and feeble 
will. The new prime minister 
was the comte de Maurepas, 
but Maurepas was old and 
the department of foreign 
affairs was in the hands of 
Charles Gravier, comte de Ver- 
gennes, who was possessed by 
/ two absorbing ideas — to restore 
France to what he considered her 
rightful rank and to humble England. 
Early in 1 776, Vergennes laid before 
the king a memorial on foreign affairs 
suggesting that "all means should be 
employed to render the next campaign 
as animated as possible and to procure advantages to the 
Americans." But the kings of France and Spain were 




Louis XVI. 



(From painting by Duplessis, in 
Versailles Gallery, Paris) 




Valley Forge, Monmouth, and Newport 169 

dwelling." The wives of other general officers followed 1777 
the example of Mrs. Washington by joining their hus- 1778 
bands in the winter camps. 

Thomas Conway was the decorated Irish colonel of The Conway 
a French regiment who had come to Amer- - ^^^^^ 

ica and, as a brigadier-general, had taken 
part in the battles of Brandywine and 
Germantown. In the latter part of 
1777 and in spite of Washington's 
disapproval, he was made a major- 
general and assigned to duty as 
inspector-general of the army, thus I 
"jumping" several who were his . 
seniors by commission. Embittered 
by Washington's opposition and 
endowed with a gift for making trouble, 
he became one of the leaders of "an 
intrigue which rumbled and spluttered \ 
below the surface of affairs all through that 
ill-famed winter." Tust how definite the .',„,,. 

** r J U U Martha Washington 

conspiracy was is a matter Ot doubt, but (promStuart's painting in the Museum 

it is certain that a few aspiring and dissat- of Fine Arts, Boston) 

isfied men like Conway, Gates, Mifflin, and the paroled 
Lee, desired to effect a change in the head of the army 

in the hope that 
it would inure to 
their benefit. Just 

Autograph of Thomas Conway ^ who WaS tO SUC- 

ceed Washington is also a matter of doubt. Most 
writers on the subject have assumed that Washington's 
successor would have been Gates, then fresh from Sara- 
toga and laurel-crowned, but Lafayette always believed 
that Charles Lee was to have been the man. It is 
probable that the "conspirators" had not agreed on this 
point themselves and that there was no definite con- 
spiracy; simply dissatisfaction and a willingness to get 
rid of Washington. 

Through the influence of the dissatisfied, congress a Blessing 
created a board of war and transferred to it some of the '" ^'^e"'^* 




§!v. 



Dickinson '4 
Mili' 



Shc/rt Hills 



iyram s 
'^Tavern 

(J g Stark arii 
Maxwell 






r, „ Huntington and 
"Z7 Jackson 



American Forces in Blue 
' British Forces in Red 
First Position in battle ^ ma 
Second Position in battleaO 



Setand BrjMge\ 



Major Leal 



auxhall Bridge 



Col. J 



>^' 



Battle of Springfield 
June 23, 1780 



Map of the Battle of Springfidd 






Connecticut FarmsN 

burned at first attempt 

Sgfiinst Morristowp 

-June 7, 1780 




tion, "Put Watts into 
them, boys." On the 
other road, the British 
were checked at the 
bridge by Major Lee's 
cavalry covered by Colo- 
nel Ogden's regiment. 
i^lli Greene, who was in com- 
mand, soon found that he 
could not hold so long a line 
and took post on a range of 
hills in the rear of Byram's 
tavern where the two roads 
were nearer together so that 
aid could be sent from one to 
the other. He thus was able to 

Webb's Third Connecticut Regiment Flag used during 1 ^ u Txr L L > • ^ j 

the Revolutionary War dctach Wcbb s rcgimcnt Under 

(Now owned by The Pennsylvania Society of Sons of LieUtCnant-Colonel Huntmg- 
the Revolution, by whose courteous permission tOn and Colonel HcnrV 



it is reproduced in colors in facsimile 
of its present appearance ) 



Jackson's regiment with one 



The War in the North, 1779— 1780 241 



piece of artillery. The advance of the British was 1780 
checked and Springfield was burned; at midnight, Clin- 
ton's army crossed to Staten Island, removed 
the bridge of boats behind them, and thus 
relieved New Jersey of her five years' 
warfare. 

I n the following month, the chevalier 
de Ternay with a French fleet and the 
count de Rochambeau with about six 
thousand troops arrived at Newport. 
Fleet and troops had been sent 
largely through the efforts of Lafay- 
ette who, in February, had 
returned to France for a 
short visit. With Ro- 
chambeau came Francois 
Jean Chastellux, mar- 
quis, major-general, 
and relative of Lafay- 
ette. Other French '^^^ Marquis de Chastellux 

troops who were to follow were Rochambeau's 

blockaded in the port of Brest, ^'"'"' 
and a British fleet under Ad- 
Eiiz/ethtown ^^'^^^al Arbuthnot promptly 
blockaded Newport. 
Rochambeau was there- 
tore unable to render 
any assistance of 




Advance of British Army from 
Staten Island 




Part ofl 

Encampment 7 ■ ,t\^~<' 

around New VorA;^^.A^^^^JV_>V.^ 



254 "^he War in the North, 1779— 1780 




With Clearer 
Vision 



1780 Some of his sons rose to high rank in the British service 
and one died a lieutenant-general. Still, his later life was 
bitter. In comparative 
poverty, he died in 
London, in i 80 1. 
During these years, 
his wife remained de- 
voted to him and he 
repaid her with an 
undivided affection. 
He rarely referred to 
his treason, but tradi- : 
tion says that when j^_^^ 

death drew near he Andre's own sketch of Himself 

called for his American uniform and the epaulets and 
sword-knot that Washington had 
given to him. " Let me die in 
my old American uniform, the 
uniform in which I fought 
my battles. May God for- 
give me for ever putting 
on any other!" 

For generations, the 
hatred of "the traitor 
Arnold" rendered it im- 
possible for Americans 
to do justice to Arnold, 
the superb soldier. At 
Saratoga stands a tall obe- 
lisk with four arched niches 
in its sides. Inone niche is 
the bronze effigy of Gates; 
n another, that of Schuyler; 
i n the third, that of M organ ; the 
fourthis vacant — an emptiness that 
speaks eloquently of one who, but 
Mrs. Benedict Arnold fQj. q^q f^Jse Step into which he was 
driven by hatred and injustice and his own moral weakness, 
would be regarded today as the greatest of the four. 




On the Sea 



261 



In congress. 

The DELEGATESof the UNITED STATES of N^u. Hampjhhe, M.iiTachufats^Bay. 
RbodelJIand, ConnrSkut, N(wYork, New-Jerffy, Pennfylvania, Dflawarf, Maryland, Virginia, 
NoTtb-Carohna, Soulh-Caroliim, and Georgia, TO 

C/e/pil' (VWW^ (J/^^t^, c,^^' 

w 



E, repofing efpecialTruft and Confidence in your Palriolifm, Valour, Condu(fl,and Fidelity 
DO, by thefe Prefenls, conflituie and appoint you to be iJ'Afi7a*n/ 

- ^'^"'•'' ""• in tht W^of the United 



Stales of North America, fitted out for the Defence of American Liberty, and for repelling every hoftilc 
Invafion thereof. You are therefore carefully and diligently to difcharge the Duty of yica/it^n' 

by doing and performing all manner of Things thereunto belonging. Andwe do ftriflly charee 
and require all Officers, Marines and Seamen under ^our Command, to be obedient to your Orders as 
ipaittain.^ And you are to obferve and follow fuch Orders and Diredions from Time to 

Time as you fhall leceive from this or afuture Congrefs of the United States, or Committee of Congrefs 
for that Purpofe appointed, or Commander m Chief for the Time being of the Nav^ of the United 
Stales, or any other your fupenor Officer, according to the Rules and Difciphne of War, the Ufage of 
the Sea, and the Inffruftions herewith g^iven you, in Purfnance of the Trull repofed in you. This 
CommifTion to continue in Force until revoked by this or a future Congrefs. 
D A T E D at (^ifa^c/^dc^ 0U/.^ 10 "^ i//^ 

By Order _ol_jbe Congress, 




mUi-'Mo-fmir*: 



Facsimile ot Jones's Commission as Captain 

"Providence" and the "Alfred," he took many prizes 
including the ship 
"Mellish" laden with 
storesfor Carleton'sarmy. 
In June, 1777, being then 
a captain, he was given 
command of the 
"Ranger" and hoisted 
over her the first "Stars 
and Stripes" ever raised 
over an American war- 
ship. After his arrival in 
France, he obtained from 
a French admiral the first 
salute ever given to that 
flag by the representa- 
tive of a foreign power; 
the ink had hardly had 




7 7 7 
7 7 8 



The "Stars and Stripes" of the 
"Bon Homme Richard" 



February 14, 

1778 



264 



On the Sea 



The Cruise of 
the " Bon 
Homme 
Richard ' ' 



1779 Norway, Portugal, Fayal, and Malaisia, while there were 
seven Maltese, and the knight of the ship's galley was 
from Africa." 

On the fourteenth of August, the squadron put to sea 
accompanied by two French privateers. The privateers 
and the "Cerf" soon left the squadron and did not come 
back. Taking occasional prizes, Jones sailed up the west 
coast of Ireland and came down the east coast of Scotland 
to beard the Hon in his den. A daring scheme to seize 
the shipping at Leith, the port of Edinburgh, and to 
exact a ransom was frustrated by a gale that drove the 
September 17 squadron out of the Firth of Forth. By the middle of 

September, Jones had captured or 
destroyed twenty-six vessels and spread 
terror along the east coast of Scot- 
land and England. On the 
twenty-third of September, off 
Flamborough Head, he sighted a 
fleet of forty British merchantmen 
under convoy of the "Countess 
of Scarborough" of twenty- 
eight guns, and of the "Serapis," 
rated at forty-four but mounting 
fifty guns and commanded by 
Captain Richard Pearson. 
Jones gave the signal for a chase 
and Pearson signaled for the ships 
under convoy to take care of them- 
selves. Most of the merchantmen ran 
in shore and anchored under 
cover of the guns of Scarborough 
castle. Landais, the French 
captain of the '* Alliance," who 
had been insubordinate throughout the cruise, made little 
or no effort to obey Jones's signals and called out to 
Captain Cottineau of the " Pal- 
las" that, if the fleet was con- 
voyed by a vessel of more than 

fifty guns, they must run away. Autograph of Peter Landais 




Off 

Flamborough 
Head 




' a^ 



On the Sea 



267 



"Richard" would drift away, but the vessels swung 1779 
together, head and stern, with their sides touching. 
The ships were so close together that the closed ports 
midship the "Serapis" could not be opened and the 
gunners there "fired their first shots through their own 
port-lids and blew them off." The guns of either ship 
were fired into the starboard ports or through the sides 
of the other. Men fought with pikes and pistols 



"AUianoe" 
Capt. Landau 



Bon Homme 
Richard 



'^^ Serapis 
<S> Alliance 







Capl. Pearson 



"Boil Homme Richard" " 

Capt. John Paul Jones 



The Engagement, September 23, 1779 

through the open ports, and hand-grenades were dropped 
from the yards of the "Richard" upon the deck of the 
"Serapis." The fire of the "Serapis" silenced the main- 
deck battery of the "Richard," but Jones kept on fight- 
ing with his 9-pounders which he helped to serve with 
his own hands and, with the assistance of musketry in 
the tops, raked the deck of the enemy fore and aft. 

Meanwhile, the "Alliance" had been acting in an captain 
extraordinary manner. The facts are not entirely clear, ^^"'^^'^ 



268 



On the Sea 



Poailioii -S IPalliu 
&/>/. 10> ,*/,-,„^,„„,, 
_^ Son HomiM Bichar<i 



COURSE OF THE 

BON HOMME RICHARD 

Sept. 10 to Sept. 23, 1779 

R-Bon Homme Richard, ^ ^ 

Captain Jonti 
P-Pallas, Captain Cottineau -o_o- -,-o- - 

A-AUiance, Captain Landais ■H-t+<-t+++++++-t- 
V- Vengeance, Captain Ricot 

S-Serapis, Captain Pearson 

C-Countess of Scarborough, 

Captain Piercy 

NOTE: Sept. .23, 1779, 7 p. m. Windbreezo 

from South-south-west 

Sept. 24, forenoon, Wind from Northeast 




EngliBtl Statute Miles 



^B. eijoke P. wil/i two pttta 



Sept. 21 



but it 
seems that 
twice dur- 
ing the 
action Lan- 
dais fired into 
the two vessels 
indiscriminately, kill- 
ing several men on 
board the "Richard." 
This behavior made 
Jones's crew fear that 
the "AlHance" had been 
captured and that, manned 
by British sailors, she was 
attacking; them. By this time, «"",&;-'. 2^* 

1 rr n 11 yy t , Great Giuiuaby 

the Pallas had captured the 



IJautical Miles 












/^ t, ■■ ''"^9^^ K.toitkpng 4. y ,° . | ^~ 

„ ' ' , i '^^ ^ r y I ^ pend boatilo cluise irlg 

'^* in \^^'~ /yifoo,, o/kpt. 23, i*! to midward 

■ ^"7 .e*lL ■*■ saw Jiiif/lMi flea S 



X. Sept. 21/ 



7 

u'toJlre\ 



Mirn hfead* 



On the Sea 



269 



"Countess," and Cottineau asked Landais to take charge 1779 
of his prize and allow him to go to the relief of Jones — a 
service that the latter declined. Some have thought that 




"The memorable Engagement of Capt". Pearson of the Serapis, with Paul Jones of the 

Bon Homme Richard & his Squadron, Sep. 23. 1779." 

(Reproduced from a copper-plate engraving, measuring I 7 '/2 by 23 inches, engraved by 

John Boydell in 1780. It was dedicated to "Sir Richard Pearson Kn'. whose 

Bravery & Conduct saved the Baltic Fleet, under his Convoy, tho' obliged 

to submit to a much superior force.") 

Landais wished the "Richard" to be captured in order 

that he might gain the honor of taking both vessels, but 

Admiral Mahan is of the opinion that the strange 

behavior was due to physical or professional timidity. 

Q,,,^^ Landais appears to have been partially insane. 

~"'~''"^l£r'~2^7-!r'^'" Upon his return to America, he was dismissed 

'"* "^'^ff&m^-lie^^rvice. 

After two hours of oespferaste^^ghting, one of the men The Man 
in the "Richard's" tops worked ms"\v^out to the end of qI^^I^^ 
the main-yard with a bucket of hand-gr^t*a^des, lighted 
them one by one, and coolly dropped them db\^n upon 
the deck of the enemy. In the middle of the lowet^eck vueland^^ 




Same Scale as ni«^ ou 
opposite pui-".. 



278 



European Complications 



A New 

Maritime 

Code 



March 8 



The Armed 

Neutrality 



December 




.«r 



1780 king of Prussia, opposed the advances of England. 

Frederick, who had not forgotten 
his desertion by England in 
1 76 1, brought about more 
friendly relations between 
Russia and France and 
covertly struck a blow 
at English interests. 

Early in 1780, the 
Spanish seized some 
Russian ships, and Cath- 
erine ordered her navy to 
be prepared for active service. 
In March, she proclaimed a 
catiunn.. 11. of Russia "cw maritime code that 

(From miniature in collection of the New York enunciated the principles 

Public Library) |-|^^^ ncutral vcsscls may 

freely sail from port to port even of belligerent powers, that 
free ships free all goods except contraband of war, and that 
no port is to be considered blockaded unless the blockad- 
ing force is able to make entry to the port really dangerous. 
"Her imperial majesty, in manifesting these principles 
before all Europe, is firmly resolved to maintain them. 
She has therefore given an order to fit out a considerable 
portion of her naval forces to act as her honor, her 
interest, and necessity may require," 

The principles thus enunciated were accepted by 
France, Spain, and the United States. Russia, Sweden, 
and Denmark entered into an agreement for the mutual 
protection of their commerce, and the league, known as 
the "Armed Neutrality," was joined by the Netherlands, 
Prussia, the German Empire, Portugal, Turkey, and the 
kingdom of Naples. England's navy was more power- 
ful than the combined navies of the leagued powers, but 
Russia's friendship was much desired and openly to defy 
the league would not be wise. At war with the United 
States, France, and Spain and hampered with troubles in 
Ireland, England was brought sharply face to face with 
the whole maritime power of the world. 



Setting Sail 19 

his friends and neighbors and in feeHng words replied 1789 
to the speech of the mayor — the beginning of a chorus 
of praise and God-speed that rose and swelled as he 



Copyright, 1900, by Detroit Photographic Co. 
Washington's Mansion at Mount Vernon 

advanced. The road "was lined with people to see him 
and cheer him as he passed. In every village the people 
from the farm and workshop crowded the streets to watch 
his carriage, and the ringing of bells and firing of guns 
marked his coming and going. At Baltimore, a cavalcade 
of citizens escorted him and cannons roared a welcome. 
At Chester, he mounted a horse and, in the midst of a 
troop of cavalry, rode into Philadelphia, beneath triumphal 
arches, for a day of public rejoicing and festivity. At 
Trenton, instead of snow and darkness, and a sudden 
onslaught upon surprised Hessians, there were mellow 
sunshine, an arch of triumph, and young girls walking 
before him, strewing flowers in his path and singing songs 
of praise and gratitude." At Elizabethtown Point, he 
met a committee of congress and thence was rowed to April 23 
New York, followed by a long procession of barges with 
music and song, while the flag-bespangled ships in the 
harbor fired salutes in his honor. Accompanied by Gov- 
ernor Clinton and dressed in the familiar buff and blue^ 



24 



Setting Sail 




'.m 



1789 and private intercourse" and submitted it to Adams, 
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, for their opinions. Adams, 
who had just returned from Europe, was inclined to 
favor a good deal of state and talked much of aides-de- 
camp, chamberlains, secretaries, and masters of cere- 
monies; but, in the main, the suggestions of all favored 
j — ^ "keeping the 

nice line be- 
I . . t w e e n too 

much reserve 
and too much 
familiarity." 
Ultimately, 
Washington 
decided that 
he would re- 
ceive no gen- 
eral visits ex- 
cept on certain 
specified days, 
that official 
visitors should 
come at speci- 
fied hours, and 
that he would 
return no calls. 
As to dinner 
parties, he 
decided not to 
keep open 
table as the 
president o f 
congress had 



V 



U 




Civilian Dress in 17S9 
(Drawn by Mr. H. A. Ogden) 



Receptions 



formerly done; he would invite strangers of distinction 
and persons of official rank, but would accept no invita- 
tions for himself. In time, he came to have a public 
reception every Tuesday, while Mrs. Washington held a 
similar levee on Fridays. 

The president's receptions were held from three to four 



The Emergence of Parties 



65 



York and "praying the attention of Congress in adopting 1790 
measures for the aboHtion of the Slave Trade; and, in 
particidar, in restraining vessels from being entered and 
cleared out for the purpose of that trade" were presented February n 
to the house of representatives. The next day came a 
similar memorial from the Pennsylvania Society for Pro- 
moting the Abolition of Slavery, signed by Benjamin 
Franklin as president. 

The memorials provoked a discussion the bitterness Typical 
and vulgarity of which exceeded anything of the kind ^1^^"*,"^^''"/ °^ 
that congress had yet heard. Jackson of Georgia and Question 
Smith of South Carolina used violent language and in 
unmeasured 
terms abused the 
Quakers as ene- 
mies of freedom 
and as spies and 
guides of the Brit- 
ish armies during 
the late war. The 
names of the sign- 
ers of the memo- 
rial were called 
over and their 
characters painted 
black upon the 
floor of the house. 
Even Franklin, 
then upon his 
death-bed, did not 
escape. Efforts 
were made to 
prevent even the 

reference of the Benjamm Franklm 

resolutions to a committee, but they failed. On the fifth of 
March, the committee reported a series of seven resolu- 
tions, of which three denied the right of congress, in 
certain instances, to interfere with slavery, three affirmed 
the right of congress to tax and regulate the slave-trade, 




136 



Jay's Treaty 



I 7 9 4 to transfer Pinckney to Paris, but Jay declined to take 
Pinckney's place in England and James Monroe was 
May finally selected. Monroe's instructions, written by Ran- 

dolph, then secretary of state, provided that he was to 
"let it be seen that, in case of war with any nation on 
earth, we shall consider France as our first and natural 
ally. You may dwell upon the sense which we entertain 
of past services." As to Jay's negotiations, he was told 
that he might "declare the motives of that mission to be, 
to obtain immediate compensation for our plundered 
property, and restitution of the posts," and that Jay was 

to do nothing " to weaken 
the engagements between 
this country and France." 
Monroe was a Republi- 
can, with a Republican's 
sympathy for France and 
a Republican's belief that 
the terms of our treaty 
with France were binding 
on us. He naturally inter- 
preted h i s instructions 
liberally. 

Monroe arrived at 
Paris on the second of 
August, soon after the 
fall of Robespierre. At 
that time, no other nation 
had a representative in 
France and the commit- 
tee of public safety hesi- 
james Monroe tatcd to teceivc him. "I 

waited," says Monroe, "eight or ten days without pro- 
gressing an iota." On the fourteenth of August, however, 
a decree was passed to the effect that he should "be 
introduced into the bosom of the Convention to-morrow 
August 15 at two P. M." At the appointed time, Monroe appeared, 
delivered a very flattering speech, presented his creden- 
tials, and "laid before the Convention the declarations of 



Monroe's 
Reception 




Last Years of Washington's Presidency i6i 



bia," that of his own vessel. By this time, the corsairs 1794 
of Algiers and of other Barbary powers had begun to 
seize American seamen, ships, and merchandise and to 
hold them for ransom money as they long had done with 
those of European nations. In the political chaos that 
followed the Revolutionary war, most of the few remain- 
ing ships of the American navy were sold. Under the 
new government that followed the adoption of the consti- 
tution, maritime affairs were left to the care of the secre- 
tary of war. In 1794, the English orders in council 
inflamed public feeling in America as related in a pre- 
ceding chapter, the Barbary corsairs held more than a 
hundred American captives, and the dey of Algiers 
refused to negotiate a treaty unless all tribute that he 
reckoned as being in arrears was paid. Under such 
conditions and in 
opposition to a 
strong sentiment 
against a stand- 
ing army or a 
permanent naval 
f o r c e , congress 
authorized the 
building of six 
frigates, the 

Constitution, 
the "President," 
and the "United 
States" of forty- 
four guns each, 
and the "Chesa- 
peake,'' the 
"Congress," and 
the "Constella- 
tion" of thirty-six 

guns each. The Captain John Barry 

secretary of war reported that these vessels "separately 
would be superior to any European frigate of the usual 
dimension." On the fifth of June, John Barry, Samuel 




March 27 



lyS Last Years of Washington's Presidency 



1797 On the evening of the third of March, he gave a farewell 
dinner in honor of the president- and vice-president-elect. 
On the following day, after the inauguration of his suc- 
cessor, "it was the 
setting and not the 
rising sun 
that drew the atten- 
tion of the multitude, 
and as Washington 
left the hall there was 
a wild rush from the 
galleries to the corri- 
dors and then into 
the street to see him 
pass. He took off his 
hat and bowed to the 
people, but they fol- 
lowed him even to his 
own door, where he 
turned once more and, 
unable to . speak, 
waved them a silent 
farewell." That even- 
ing, a grand banquet 
was given him by the 
merchants of Phila- 
delphia. When, a few 
days later, he set out 
for home to take up 
with almost boyish 
zest the task of rescuing his affairs from the chaos into 
which they had fallen, he was everywhere received with 
enthusiasm. Says a Baltimore newspaper of the thir- 
teenth of March: "Last evening arrived in this city, on 
his way to Mount Vernon, the illustrious object of vener- 
ation and gratitude, GEORGE WASHINGTON. His 
excellency was accompanied by his lady and Miss Custis, 
and the son of the unfortunate Lafayette and his preceptor. 
At a distance from the city he was met by a crowd of 




George Washington 

(From unfinished portrait by Gilbert Stuart, painted from hfe. 

Owned by the Boston Athenaeum and deposited in the 

Museum of Fine Arts) 



John Adams at the Helm 



189 



to say if Republicans have majority. Votes carryd both 1797 
ways from i. to 6. Our 3 renegadoes make the differ- 
ence." Nine days later, he wrote to Aaron Burr: "A 
few individuals of no fixed system at all, governed by the 
panic or the prowess of the moment, flap as the breeze 
blows against the republican or the aristocratic bodies, 
and give to the one or the other a preponderance entirely 
accidental." 

In 1794, Washington had appointed John Quincy Diplomatic 
Adams minister to Holland and, in 1796, had transferred Appointments 
him to Portugal. 
The mission to 
Holland thus va- 
cated was filled 
by the appoint- 
ment of William 
Vans Murray of 
Maryland. As the 
Prussian treaty ot 
1784 was about to 
expire, acting on 
the advice ot 
Washington, 
President Adams 
promoted his son 
to the Prussian 
mission. In the 
fall of 1797, John 
Quincy Adams 

took up his resi- John Qumcy A. 

dence at Berlin and William Loughton Smith, a South 
Carolina representative in congress, became charge 
d'affaires at Lisbon. Like the measures for defense, these 
diplomatic establishments were opposed because of the 
expense involved. 

As these defensive and diplomatic measures and the National 
possible awards against the United States under Jay's Revenues 
treaty involved an outlay in excess of the increasing 
revenues of the government, a temporary stamp-tax was 




272 On the Threshold of a New Century 

1800 but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do 

anything worthy of attention." 
The The United States was still a nation of farmers and 

American their mcthods and the life they led had improved but 
little. In the inland regions, the log cabin was the pre- 
vailing architectural type while, even in the older sections 
of the country, the houses were built with little attempt 
at beauty. "The plough was rude and clumsy; the sickle 
as old as Tubal Cain, and even the cradle was not in 
general use; the flail was unchanged since the Aryan 
exodus; in Virginia, grain was still commonly trodden 
out by horses." Little attention was paid to rotation of 
crops or to fertilization, and the care given stock was 
imperfect and even cruel. Here and there, however, 
were a few who were ready and willing to introduce 

improvements. Promi- 
nent among these were 
Washington who was a 
careful student of 
books on agriculture, 
and Jeff"erson to whom 
belongs the honor of 
inventing the mould- 
board plow. For this 
invention, Jefferson 
was voted a gold medal 
by a French society 
and given many pre- 
miums and medals in 
America. 

The ^^^IF ' "^ ^^l^^^^l ^"^ ^^ Jefl^erson's 

^^1^^^ HiJi^^^l last oflicial acts as sec- 

retary of state was to 
approve the applica- 
Eii Whitney tiou of EH Whitney for 

a patent on a cotton-gin. Whitney was a native of Massa- 
chusetts and a graduate of Yale who had gone South to 
teach school ; up to that time, he had never seen raw 
cotton or cottonseed. While at the plantation owned 





CHAPTER 



X V I 



JEFFERSONIAN SIMPLICITY 



IT was a long-accepted tradition that on the fourth of on the Way 
March, 1801, Thomas Jefferson, president-elect of 
the United States, rode on horseback to the unfin- 
ished capitol, made fast his horse at a paling fence, and 
unattended entered the building to take the oath of office. 
The truth is that Jefferson, who was 
staying at Conrad's boarding-house 
only a stone's throw distant, 
walked to the capitol in his 
ordinary dress, escorted by a 
body of militia and accom- 
panied by the secretaries of 
the navy and the treasury, 
and a number of his political 
friends. 

As Jefferson mounted the 
steps of the capitol, an artil- 
lery salute was fired; as he 
entered the senate chamber, 
the members of congress stood 
to receive him. He was escorted 
to the vice-president's station. 
Burr, who had already been sworn ii 
giving up his chair to Jefferson and tak- "^^^3|^E.^^ in the Senate 

ing the seat at his right hand. On his Thomas Jefferson chamber 

left, sat John Marshall, the new chief-justice, ready to 
administer the oath of office. The assembled congressmen 




338 



The Purchase of Louisiana 



I 8 o 



What We 
Bought 




3 States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the 
principles of the Federal constitution, to the enjoyment 
of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens 
of the United States." For twelve years, French and 
Spanish vessels coming directly from home or from 
colonial ports and loaded only v^ith home or colonial 
products were to enter the ports of Louisiana on the same 
terms as vessels of the United States coming from the 
same ports, and French ships were always to be admitted 
on the footing of the most favored nation. 

Upon the subject of boundaries the treaty was very 
^ indefinite. When Livingston asked Talley- 

rand as to the eastern boundary, the minis- 
'^ ter said that he did not know, that the 

^ • United States must take the territory as 
France received it from Spain. When 
pressed as to what France had 
received from Spain, he replied 
that he did not know. "You 
have made a noble bargain 
for yourselves, and I suppose 
you will make the most of it." 
Bonapartehimself told Mar- 
bois thattheAmericanswere 
to be left in the dark in the 
matter: "If an obscurity did 
not already exist, it would per- 
haps be good policy to put one 
there." The treaty itself merely 
copiedthe vague words of the treaty 
oflldefonso: "Louisiana with the 
sameextent that it nowhas in the hands of Spain, and that it 
had when France possessed it; and such as it should be after 
the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and 
other States." The cession did not include the Floridas, 
for these had not been ceded to France by Spain, though 
there was room for doubt as to whether the eastern line 
should be the Perdido or that of the Iberville and lakes 
Maurepas and Pontchartrain. On the strength of LaSalle's 




Talleyrand 



CONDITIONS OF THE 
SELLING CONTEST 
AND ADVICE TO BOY 
SCOUTS, BOYS IN 
MILITARY TRAINING, 
THEIR PARENTS AND 
PATRONS 

y 



imm 



THE BOYS* FAMOUS SELLING 
CONTEST 

A ROYAL Princeps Edition of The Patriotic History of the 
United States will be bound in royal-blue crushed Levant, 
^ with royal coats of arms, or emblems, embossed in colors 
on the covers. 

After the conclusion of the Great War in Europe, a squad of boys, 
consisting of the twelve scouts, and boys in military training, who 
sell the most sets of the History up to the time of its completion, 
will be sent to Europe, at the expense of the publishers, to present 
a set of the Royal Princeps Edition to the heads of the governments 
of those countries that were most prominent in the colonization and 
settlement of the United States, — namely, to the Kings of England, 
Spain, Italy, Belgium, Norway and Sweden; to the Queen of 
Holland; to the Presidents of France and Switzerland; to the 
German Emperor and to the Czar of Russia. 

The Squad, under the direction of a Scout Master, or officer, will 
first proceed to Washington, and one boy will present a set to the 
President of the United States, and receive an engrossed acknowledg- 
ment signed by the President. 

Each of the other boys of the Squad will then receive an engrossed 
commission signed by the President, appointing him a special com- 
missioner to present a set to one of the royal potentates mentioned 
above. The squad, under direction of the Scout Master, or officer, 
will then proceed intact to the countries mentioned above, and each 
boy will present the set and receive the royal signature on his 
commission, in acknowledgment of the gift. 

These engrossed commissions, signed by the President and by the 
royal potentates to whom the sets are presented, will be brought back 
by the boy, and framed and treasured through life, and by suc- 
ceeding generations, as illustrious honors well won in a fitting 
contest. 

A special court uniform will be supplied to each successful boy, 
and all expenses from the time each boy leaves home till he returns 
to his home will be paid by the publishers. 

This selling contest begins at once, and all Boy Scouts, and all 
boys in military training, are eligible. 

The Scout Press, Inc. 



ADVICE TO PARENTS 

A PATRIOTIC BOY WILL BECOME A 
PATRIOTIC CITIZEN 

DO you wish your boy to grow up a wise and patriotic citizen 
I imbued with a fervent love of country, devoted to the best 
interests of his city, his State and his Nation ? Then help 
him to procure a set of The Patriotic History of The United States 
and Its People, that he may use it and study it while at home and 
at school, and thus gain a thorough, intelligent, and appreciative 
knowledge of the history of his own country and of the genius of 
its institutions. 

EVERY BOY SCOUT, AND EVERY BOY IN MILITARY 

TRAINING, SHOULD ENTER THE 

SELLING CONTEST 

Every Boy Scout, and every boy in military training, is eligible to 
enter the selling contest. Only twelve boys can win First Honors; 
but every boy who makes an earnest effort in the contest, will be 
stronger, better and more self-reliant for having done so; and each 
will earn a lot of money. 

THIS IS A NOBLE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE FOR EVERY 

BOY SCOUT, AND EVERY BOY IN MILITARY 

TRAINING 

The publication and distribution of this really great History, by 
Boy Scouts, and boys in military training, is designed to give every 
boy an opportunity to earn and pay for a set by his own efforts. 
By so doing he will take a natural pride in owning it and studying it 
in connection with his school work. 

PLEASE ENCOURAGE AND HELP YOUR SON TO 
SUCCEED IN HIS FIRST BUSINESS VENTURE 

You should sign his first order, and pay for volume one, to give 
him the right start. Then call a friend or neighbor on the phone, 
and make an appointment for your son to call. Or mention the 
History to friends and neighbors, as you casually meet them, and 
express a desire to have your son take orders enough to win the 
First Prize of a free trip to Europe. His success in this venture is 
an earnest of his future success in any field in which he may engage. 



ADVICE TO BOY SCOUTS 
AND BOYS IN MILITARY TRAINING 

THE KEY TO SUCCESS 

BEFORE asking your neighbor to subscribe for a set of the 
History, secure your father's subscription, as you can not 
well ask your neighbor to do for his children what your 
own parent has failed to do for you. 

If your parents do not feel able to pay for a set, you should offer 
to give them the commission on your first five sales, so the set will 
not cost them a dollar. Then your parent will subscribe for a set. 
You will have the influence of his subscription; and you and all 
other members of the family will have the use of the History in your 
home. On this condition your father will cheerfully subscribe and 
thus help you to enter successfully on your first business enterprise. 
Having secured an order from one of your parents, call on a 
neighbor and hand him the prospectus and say to him : 

"This is the prospectus of The Patriotic History of 
THE United States and its People which we are pub- 
lishing. Please read carefully the first eight pages, which 
tell all about the scope, character and value of the History. 
Then examine these sample pages, and carefully read what 
follows. At the end you will find an order blank to fill 
out in duplicate. I will call for the prospectus and your 
order to-morrow evening." 

On receiving the order, signed in duplicate, sign both, as a receipt 
for the check or money, ^2.50, which will be handed you with the 
order; tear off the duplicate and hand it to your subscriber, and 
fold the original order and money carefully, and place them in 
your inside pocket. Take the prospectus to another neighbor and 
hand it to him with the same address. Then hasten to our represen- 
tative from whom you received the prospectus and deliver to him 
the order and the money; for your prompt delivery of them to him 
involves your honor as a Scout or boy in military training, and your 
membership in the organization. Our representative will then pay 
you your commission. Then return to your studies or other duties. 
This method of procedure will take you but a few moments from 
home studies each day. 

The prospectus is furnished to the boy free of charge; but it 



should be carefully used, that it may be always neat and clean; 
and when not in use it should be returned promptly to our repre- 
sentative for use by another boy. 

OUTSIDE HELP IS LEGITIMATE 

Your parents, your friends and your neighbors can and will help 
you to make many sales; for all persons, who have a genuine love 
for worthy boys, take pleasure in helping a boy to succeed, who 
shows the proper spirit in helping himself. 

Occasionally you will meet a great generous-hearted man, who 
will invite you to his store, his office, or to his factory, and help you 
to sell the History to his associates and employees; for all persons, 
to whom you sell a set, will be grateful for an opportunity to buy, at 
this remarkably low price, the most comprehensive, the most accurate, 
the most valuable, and the most beautifully mapped and illustrated 
History ever published, either of our country or of any other. Thus 
your orders will grow and multiply in number; and all who help 
you to win the grand first-prize of a free trip to Europe, will take a 
genuine pride in your brilliant success! 

Don't forget your teachers, your minister and your family phy- 
sician, for they need the History in their daily life and work, as do 
all patriotic American Citizens. 

ADVICE TO PATRONS 

A generous fortune of more than Three Hundred and Fifty 
Thousand Dollars (^350,000), and more than twenty-five years of 
patient, painstaking labor, had been expended by Dr. Avery and 
his asoociates in producing this monumental History, when through 
business changes and the death of one of the prospective pub- 
lishers, the History was taken over by The Scout Press, Incor- 
porated. 

THE COMPLETE PUBLICATION OF THE HISTORY 
IN TWO YEARS IS INSURED 

Seven volumes have already been completed; and a generous 
friend of the Boy Scouts has deposited a large sum of money in a 
1 rust Company to defray the expense of Dr. Avery and his asso- 
ciates in revising the manuscript of the remaining volumes and 
putting them through the press, so that the completion of the History 
within the next two years is insured. 

A REMARKABLY LOW PRICE TO ADVANCE 
SUBSCRIBERS 

The History will be published, and delivered to advance sub- 
scribers at the rate of one volume every two months until completed. 



The published price, was $6.25 a volume, or $75.00 for the set of 
12 volumes. The price at which the History will be furnished to 
Boy Scouts, Boys in Military Training, and to all advance subscribers 
is 1^2.50 a volume, or $30.00 for the set of 12 volumes. 

THE LOW ADVANCE-PRICE IS FOR A LIMITED 

TIME ONLY 

This remarkably low price for a work of this character will be 
maintained only until the Boy Scouts, boys in military training and 
their friends are given an opportunity to provide themselves with 
sets. 

A HIGHER PRICE SOON 

Later the price of the History must be advanced to repay the large 
amount of money expended in its production. 

A RARE OPPORTUNITY 

Next to the family Bible, a comprehensive History of one's own 
country is of prime importance in the home: and this rare oppor- 
tunity to get so great a History for so little money should not be 
neglected. 

HOW TO GET IT 

Place your order now with the Boy Scout, or boy in military train- 
ing, who calls on you, and help him to get a set of the History for 
himself; and at the same time you will get a priceless literary 
treasure for yourself that will be prized by you through life, and 
afterwards by succeeding generations. 

You will find an order-blank at the back of this prospectus. 
Please sign it in duplicate, and attach to the original order your 
check, or the currency, $2.50, in payment for volume I, and hand it 
to the boy when he calls for the prospectus. He will later deliver 
volume I without additional expense; and he will deliver the remain- 
ing eleven volumes as published and collect $2.50 on delivery of 
each of them. 

The Scout Press, Inc., Publishers. 



THE BUILDERS OF THE HISTORY 

MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, COMPOSITION, 

AND PLATES BY 

THE MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP WORKS 

BUFFALO, NEW YORK 

PRINTED BY EDWARD STERN & CO., INC. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

BINDING BY FRANKLIN BINDERY 
PHILADELPHIA, PA, 



W46 



PLEASE TAKE NOTICE! 

THE present low price to advance subscribers is 
only for a limited tijne. 
You can have this beautiful and most valuable 
History for little more than one-third of the list 
price, by placing your order now and paying for 
volume one in advance. 

You can buy at $2.50 per volume this new and 
rare book listed at $6.25 per volume. 

Men, in the past, have overthrown selfish and 
oppressive rulers; and later they have forgotten the 
lesson, in the absence of universal knowledge of his- 
tory; and ambitious and selfish men have again 
enslaved them by the same methods used before. 
Hence the maxim, "History repeats itself." Greece, 
the Founder of Republics, is to-day revolting against 
"The divine right of Kings"! 

We shall be best prepared to preserve our liberty y 
peace and prosperity, if we store our minds with knowl- 
edge of the experience of those who have gone 
before. 

If YOUR CHILDREN do uot have this History to 
assist them in the study of history at school, they will 
be placed at a disadvantage with other children who 
do have it. 

If YOUR SON is to exercise his rightful influence 
in his Community, State and Nation, he Jieeds this His- 
tory to awaken his interest^ and to qualify him to speak 
and act with authority , when he comes to manhood. 

If your boy is not a Scout, or boy in military train- 
ing, buy this History for him, and give him a chance 
equal to that of the boys who sell it. If he is a Scout, 
or boy in military training, sign his first order, and 
advance the first payment, in order to start him aright, 
and thus insure his success! 

The Scout Press, Inc. 







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